It was during this trip that he began to write Utopia, his most famous work. Henry accepted Mores resignation. Henry VII also decided, about that time, to marry the 15-year-old Margaret to his half-cousin, Sir Richard Pole. She was no longer, though, the sort of influence Henry wished for his daughter. This was not, as some say, Cratwell, who had himself been executed three years earlier, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Church of Our Lady Queen of Peace & Blessed Margaret Pole, "Unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Plantagenet , Countess of Salisbury National Portrait Gallery", "The Execution of Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury", "1541: Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury", "Pole, Margaret, suo jure countess of Salisbury (14731541), noblewoman", "Margaret Plantagenet, Lady Pole & Countess of Salisbury (14731541)", "Our Lady Queen of Peace & Blessd Margaret Pole, Southbourne", The Tragical History of King Richard the Third, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Pole,_Countess_of_Salisbury&oldid=1140799395, People convicted under a bill of attainder, People executed by Tudor England by decapitation, People executed under the Tudors for treason against England, Burials at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula, Governesses to the English Royal Household, Hereditary peeresses created by Henry VIII, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from February 2023, Articles needing expert attention from June 2022, Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, English Martyrs Church, Preston (she is on the right. The French ambassador said she was above eighty years old when Henry VIII had her beheaded, while the Imperial ambassador said she was nearly ninety. London, WC1A 2HN It took the inexperience executioner a grand total of 11 swings to finally sever her head at the neck . Find out more about the London Review of Books app. He did not struggle with the reduction in means, and busied himself with planning a tomb for himself and his wives , as well as defending his faith in various pamphlets. Pope Leo XIII beatified her as a martyr for the Roman Catholic Church on 29 December 1886. And the king was not pleased with the young lawyer; he promptly imprisoned Mores father in the Tower until he paid a substantial fine. But polite prevarications only worked for so long and soon More was a genuine courtier, with all its attendant duties and benefits. In 1485, he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Bosworth by Henry Tudor, who succeeded him as Henry VII. We do know that he tried in vain to support the kings position. He was first appointed a Privy Councilor and accompanied Wolsey to an important diplomatic mission to Europe. He is an English lawyer, eventually promoted to Chancellor and assistant to the King after Wolsey 's death. He impressed the cardinal enough that he was knighted upon his return and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer. Margarets brother was 24. It was also due to Henrys deep and unfeigned friendship with More. at, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 21:21. Born on the 14th August 1473, she went on to marry Sir Richard Pole in 1491. It was Mores execution far more than those of Anne Boleyn or Thomas Cromwell or Margaret Pole which established the kings reputation for capricious cruelty. Elizabeth Throckmorton. The alleged plot between the earl and Warbeck was flimsy and perhaps government-sponsored, but both men were tried and executed. The honor was tremendous; notably, More was the first layman to hold the office. Nor make one step, as you shall see; It was perfectly clear to any objective observer that the marriage was unlawful before God! [9] Her youngest son, Geoffrey Pole, married well to Constance, daughter of Edmund Pakenham, and inherited the estate of Lordington in Sussex. You see, we speak of being anchored to our principles. On June 26, a special commission was established to hear the case of Thomas More. Tragedy throws her into poverty and rebellion against the new royal family, luck restores her to her place at court where she becomes the chief lady-in-waiting to Queen Katherine and watches the dominance of the Spanish queen over her husband, and her fall. In The Kings Curse (2014) she was ground up by the great fictionalising machine that is Philippa Gregory, and in 2003 she was the subject of a major biography by Hazel Pierce: Margaret Pole: Loyalty, Lineage and Leadership. There are only glimpses of her in these years: my lady Margaret of Clarence. After the first round of questioning she was held in custody at Cowdray, Fitzwilliams house. Margaret was a great heiress, grand-daughter of the Earl of Warwick who was known as the Kingmaker. Now he decided to seriously test his religious convictions. She built herself a castle at Warblington, close to the sea on the Hampshire-Sussex border. She was now one of the richest people in England. Chapuys also communicated with Reginald through his brother, Geoffrey. The accounts differ slightly; Marillac's report, dispatched two days afterwards, recorded that the execution took place in a corner of the Tower with so few people present that, in the evening, news of her execution was doubted. Then, in good faith, between your grace and me is but this, that I shall die today, and you tomorrow.. Her first son, Henry Pole, was created Baron Montagu, another of the Neville titles, speaking for the family in the House of Lords. Henry VII had controlled them first while her brother was a minor and then during his imprisonment; he later confiscated them after his trial. Henry VIII was a Catholic ruler, and enjoyed friendly relations with the papacy until he sought to divorce Katharine. After his death, and for centuries thereafter, Sir Thomas More was known as the most famous victim of Henry VIIIs tyranny. Margaret Pole was born about four years after her parents had married, and was the first child born after the couple lost their first child on board a ship fleeing to France during the Wars of the Roses. But three years into his reign, the young Henry VIII restored her to the greater part of her revenues and gave her back a family title, creating her Countess of Salisbury in her own right. He was no fool; he noted Wolseys great and increasingly ostentatious wealth. Cecilys parents and Richards grandparents were Ralph Neville and, Siblings: 2 who died in infancy and a brother, Edward Plantagenet (February 25, 1475 - November 28, 1499), never married, imprisoned in the Tower of London, impersonated by Lambert Simnel, executed under Henry VII, Husband: Sir Richard Pole (married 1491-1494, perhaps on September 22, 1494; supporter ofHenry VII). Henry married Margarets cousin, Elizabeth of York, and imprisoned Margarets brother as a potential threat to his kingship. Margaret is a devout Catholic and a member of the House of York, which fought Henry's father during the War of the Roses; she is first cousin of Henry's mother Queen Elizabeth of York through her father George Plantagenet, Elizabeth's uncle and the brother of Edward IV. . Where is Hans Holbein when you need him? They had 1 son & 3 daughters: [1] Sir Thomas. The countess was to look after the little girls health and diet, ensure that she did not wear herself out in learning French and Latin, and see that her immediate environment was kept spotless, so that everything about her be pure, sweet, clean and wholesome, as to so great a princess doth appertain. In Utopia, he identified himself as a citizen of London, and it was in London that he was born on 7 February 1477, the only surviving son of John More and his first wife, Agnes Graunger. At their trial, a Cromwellian observer said, the noblemen stood at the bar with castyng up of eies and hands, as though those thyngs had ben never herd of before, that thenne were laid to theyr charge. The one potentially scandalous act of his life was his quick second marriage to a widow seven years his senior, Alice Middleton. He had been shut up for most of his life and, one later chronicler said, could not discern a goose from a capon. Her father was the younger brother of Edward IV and Richard III. After she had redeemed her dead brothers lands from the crown, she owned property in Calais, and estates in Wales and 17 English counties. In practice, pre-nuptial agreements, trusts and the legally sanctioned breach of entails created some flexibility. For highlights from the latest issue, our archive and the blog, as well as news, events and exclusive promotions. However, we should not assume that Mortons politics had any profound impact upon More. So yes, the Pole family were cousins to de la Pole family. BORN: 1473. In June 1535, after he had been imprisoned for over a year, Cromwells servant, Richard Rich, now solicitor general, stated that he had spoken with More and More had denied Parliaments power to make Henry head of the church. She would have been a widow when the portrait was painted, but she holds a sprig of honeysuckle, symbol of love and marriage. Because the main executioner[17] had been sent north to deal with rebels, the execution was performed by "a wretched and blundering youth who literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces in the most pitiful manner". Reginalds brother Geoffrey was in correspondence with Reginald, and Henry had Geoffrey Pole, Margarets heir, arrested in 1538 along with their brother Henry Pole and others. And so, when More returned from a diplomatic mission to France in summer 1527, the king laid the open Bible before his favorite councilor. "Margaret Pole, Tudor Matriarch and Martyr." Henry VII had Edward executed, leaving Margaret as the sole survivor of George of Clarence. Even as he secretly wore a hair shirt, he openly and consistently fasted, prayed, and maintained a relatively modest household. He was a brilliant scholar of the Renaissance who died rather than betray the Catholic church. London, WC1A 2HNletters@lrb.co.uk Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. She answered that no crime had been imputed to her. A Bill of Attainder disinherited Margaret and her younger brother, Edward, and removed them from the line of succession. Sir Thomas Pole was a member of the aristocracy in England. She was by necessity hostile to the Catholic church. When not at Court, Margaret lived chiefly at Warblington Castle in Hampshire and Bisham Manor in Berkshire. Arthur had been a courtier, an able jouster and a great favourite with Henry, serving in his privy chamber. Was the family sincere in deploring his disloyalty? She was a decade and a half younger than he was, and he never seems to have felt anything more than a brotherly affection for her. As part of the evidence for the bill of attainder, Cromwell produced a tunic bearing the Five Wounds of Christ, symbolizing Margaret's support for the Church of Rome and the rule of her son, Reginald, and the king's Roman Catholic daughter, Mary. He could now only write to his wife and favorite daughter Margaret with a piece of coal or burnt stick on scraps of paper. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Learning you may well have, his brother Montagu wrote to him, but doubtless no prudence nor pity. Reginald had compared himself to a surgeon ready to cut away diseased flesh from the body of England: not the most tactful metaphor, when your anointed king is dragging about with an ulcerated leg. More's trial took place on 1 July. More would stand trial for his life. Such was his reputation that the the great universities Oxford and Cambridge made him high steward. In an effort to force their co-operation, Henry separated his wife and child, and Margaret who was Marys godmother offered to serve the young girl at her own expense. But if the great Sir Thomas More believed the king to be wrong? By 1527, the king was in his mid-thirties, and his wife six years older. According to the account, she turned her head "every which way", instructing the executioner that, if he wanted her head, he should take it as he could. She was executed in 1541, the act of attainder rendering a trial unnecessary. After Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn, was arrested, and eventually executed, Margaret was permitted to return to Court, albeit briefly. An Exclusive First Look at Laura Carmichael as Maggie Pole in the Series Finale of The Spanish Princess Watch as she confronts Sir Thomas More. She was sentenced to death, to be executed at the king's will. Margarets aunt, Anne Neville, thus became queen. To help with her financial situation, she gave one of her sons, Reginald, to the church. The two children were of use to him; their maternal family, the Nevilles, commanded allegiance in the north. This is Aalto. Calculate relationship; Relationship with x x (Sosa/Ahnentafel #1) Relationship with Thomas Chaworth (spouse) More . The picture was cleaned in 1973, and study suggested that some original features have almost vanished. He grew up cultivated and cosmopolitan, sensitive, lively-minded. Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salisbury (14 August 1473 28 May 1541), also called Margaret Pole, as a result of her marriage to Sir Richard Pole, was the only surviving daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III (all sons of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York), by his wife Isabel Neville. Margaret Pole was a pretty tough and clinical woman. Then, her prayers completed, she faced the incompetent axeman. Joan, wife of Roger Swillington. [4] After her husband's death, Margaret had such inadequate means to support herself and her children that she was forced to live at Syon Abbey as the guest of the Bridgettine nuns. Margaret kept silent on the matter. When Arthur married Catherine of Aragon, she became a lady-in-waiting to the princess. And as his own reputation grew in London, he attracted the notice of the all-powerful Cardinal Wolsey. [5] When Perkin Warbeck impersonated Edward IV's presumed-dead son, Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, in 1499, Margaret's brother Edward was attainted and executed for involvement in the plot. In 1886, Margaret would be beatified by Pope Leo XIII as a martyr to Henrys regime. Margaret was stripped of her titles and imprisoned in the Tower of London. But in late June she was back at court by the side of Queen Jane, and the king was looking forward to an era of peace and fertility. And he was a father who insisted his three daughters have the same education as his son. It was children who caused him a problem. It took many blows to finally kill her and this botched execution was itself remembered and, for some, considered a sign of martyrdom. This discovery resulted in removal of Mores books and writing materials. The date of the marriage is uncertain; 1487 is likely. Her brothers royal blood, however, remained a danger. The charge was treason. And the king did not force the issue. The two men had first met in 1497 and remained close friends until Mores death. Henry VII paid for Richard's funeral. He died on 8 August 1420. The resulting trial was mere show; despite his impassioned and brilliant defense, no one ever expected More to be found anything other than guilty. True or not, the marriage proved to be happy and fruitful, though of brief duration. And More determined that their daughters would receive the same education as their son. Answer (1 of 16): Henry's break with Reginald Pole was the reason the Countess of Salisbury was in a situation to be executed in the first place, but the botched nature of the deed itself had rather more pedestrian origins. You may not of heard of Margaret Pole so I will fill you in because her death was quite brutal and makes an interesting read, (if you like the darker side of the Tudors). But Lord Montagu attended Annes coronation as he would later attend her trial. Neither Francis I of France nor the Emperor supported this effort and the English government tried to have Reginald assassinated. It is meant to contrast with the reality of European rule, divided by ideologies and greed and self-interest. It is at this moment that we must step back and consider the England in which More now lived. Gregory had been corresponding with Reginald; the investigation of Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter (Henry VIII's first cousin and Geoffrey's second cousin), had turned up his name. Lewis, Jone Johnson. Portrait of an unknown woman, often identified as the Countess of Salisbury, DWYER, J. G. "Pole, Margaret Plantagenet, Bl.". They were charged with treason. In 1512, an Act of Parliament restored to Margaret the Earldom of Salisbury and some of her brother's land which had belonged to it, for which she paid 5000 marks (2666.13s.4d), equivalent to 2,164,602 in 2021. Pole and his hagiographers gave several later accounts of Pole's activities after Henry met Anne Boleyn. For a time, she and her younger brother were in the care of their maternal aunt, Anne Neville, who was married to their paternal uncle, Richard of Gloucester. She managed her lands quite well, and became one of the five or six wealthiest peers in England. But no one could be sure they were dead, and not escaped abroad, or living under assumed names. In the end, he decided, in the words of his friend Erasmus, to be a chaste husband rather than an impure priest.. But Margaret herself was an ornament to Henry. It is painted on a dateable oak panel, and the dates suit the presumed subject, but the artist is anonymous. Quite the opposite. Eleanor was related through marriage to Lady Margaret Beaufort's extended family.) But he could not recognize the kings authority as head of the new church of England. Thomas More worked hard for the king. We can't imagine how Margaret was feeling, she was 65 years of age when brought to the tower in 1539, an advanced age by the standards of the day. His father, Sir Richard Pole, was a cousin of King Henry VII, and his mother, Margaret, countess of . Marys food, Henry ordered, was to be served with joyous and merry communication. Her London palace, Le Herber, stood in a busy mercantile quarter, approximately where Cannon Street Station is now, and she rented out the tenements around as workshops, stables and an inn. The pope would not relent. Even the more sedate accounts agree that, like Thomas Cromwell, she was hacked about by a second-string executioner. Mores beginnings, however, hardly predicted his spectacular career. Intellectuals from England and Europe visited; More was a generous and kind host. Get the best results here. He blindfolded himself and exhorted the assembled crowd to witness his end in the faith and for the faith of the Catholic Church, the kings good servant but Gods first. Even Mores Protestant enemies did not believe him a traitor; his death was almost universally held to be nothing less than martyrdom. Rather, he felt that he could be more effective in the city itself, not closeted away amongst the nobles and councilors of Henrys court. They married less than a month after Jane Colts death and More had to seek special dispensation from the church. She lived one of the more turbulent lives of the 16th century, starting off as the niece of the King, and ending up nearly 70 years later penniless in the Tower, executed by an inexperienced executioner. In some versions, the plucky old girl refused to kneel at the block, and the headsman had to pin her down. Credit: PjrWindows / Alamy Stock Photo. Read More. The remnants of the Plantagenets had no difficulty in breeding, while the Tudors were less lucky. Margaret was a daughter of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and Isabella Neville. The prestige of her ancient family, her traditionalist stance in religion, and her status as a peer in her own right all these defined a woman who might wish to resist the new order. In 1537, after the split from the Roman Catholic Church proclaimed by Henry VIII, Pope Paul II created Reginald Pole who, though he had studied theology extensively and served the church, had not been ordained a priest Archbishop of Canterbury, and assigned Pole to organize efforts to replace Henry VIII with a Roman Catholic government. [15][16], On the morning of 28 May 1541, Margaret was told she was to die within the hour. Shortly thereafter, (probably in November 1487) Henry VII gave Margaret in marriage to his cousin, Sir Richard Pole, whose mother was a half-sister of the king's mother, Margaret Beaufort. Both Henry and Reginald Pole were attainted in 1539; Geoffrey was pardoned. Not only did this mean that Margaret came of royal stock, but it meant that she came from the family that was historically opposed to the reign of the Tudors, a fact that would affect her throughout her life. Reginald replied to books Henry sent him with his own pamphlet, pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione, or de unitate, which denied Henry's position on the marriage of a brother's wife and denied royal supremacy. And why such an obvious and clumsy admission? The barrel, though, may have been strung on Margaret after her death. The hands are the standard-issue long-fingered type; a black ribbon, added later, may conceal damage to the paint. The only people to escape the toxicity of the court were Lina (Stephanie Levi-John) and Oviedo (Aaron Cobham), who decided to seek a new life in the Ottoman Empire. 28 Little Russell Street Yet even as his legal future seemed assured, More was deeply conflicted about his future. But in the meantime, More had eighteen months of seclusion and study at his home in Chelsea. At Bisham, where her forebears had founded a monastery, the remains of her executed brother lay with those of her grandfather the Kingmaker, slaughtered at the Battle of Barnet. The new king married Margaret's cousin, Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter, and Margaret and her brother were taken into their care. Henry and others were executed, though Geoffrey was not. Best Known For: Thomas More is known for his 1516 book . Contemporary chroniclers often referred to him as a friend of the poor. But Margaret Pole, one of the great magnates of Tudor England, is not overlooked. "Margaret Pole, Tudor Matriarch and Martyr." The symbolism and importance of this decision cannot be underestimated. I am no traitor, no, not I! Henry, the eldest son, though knighted and given the family title Lord Montagu, did not share the general admiration for the king. [2] As one of the few members of the House of Plantagenet to have survived the Wars of the Roses, she was executed in 1541 at the command of King Henry VIII, the second monarch of the House of Tudor, who was the son of her first cousin, Elizabeth of York. 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