florida alimony reform 2022

Rick Scott, and once when the legislature ground to a halt two years ago amid a standoff over healthcare. It will be a busy week concerning family law in the legislature this week as well. Rehabilitative alimony is limited to 5 . I would appreciate it myself, said Lizbeth Benacquisto, R-Fort Myers. No longer will new spouses be pulled into an alimony fight. The PAC then decided in 2018 that with Scott in office, pushing legislation would be futile so the decision was made not to push for a bill. While Power seeks office, the alimony reform movement did suffer a big blow this year with the resignation of Sen. Jack Latvala, the once powerful senator from Clearwater, who left office amid sexual and groping claims made by several women and a finding by an investigation that stated he may have broken state law by promising legislative favors for physical contact with women, according to numerous media reports. Updates to follow. But a lot has changed since the last effort earlier this year and lawmakers are now receiving backing from both sides of the aisle, as a new group of proponents are taking a more diplomatic and rational approach to gain bi-partisan support. As of this writing on May 27, 2022, SB 1796 is still awaiting his decision and news is scant about his intentions. While Scott opposed the custody provisions, the bulk of the bill dealt with It is currently very difficult to modify alimony. Orlando, Florida, United States . } Sarasota, FL 34240, Boca Palm Beach Rick Scott, who vetoed two alimony reform bills during his time as governor. We will let you know how the committee votes on this next week. If had one hope and dream for the legislation if it passed it would be that there will be a particular correlation between the facts and the outcome and less of a correlation between a judges particular view of the world and the outcome. The amount of alimony is almost completely up to the judge. The Court stated that when modifications of alimony are granted, they should be granted retroactively. We will keep you posted on any family law developments. According to bill architect Attorney Marc Johnson, last years House bill died before reaching the floor for a vote, due to the Senate companion bill missing deadlines in committee. The bills will be retroactive, so many alimony payers will wish to go back into court and renegotiate spousal support terms. if (oldRecaptchaCheck === -1) { By December 2016, rumblings of another push for alimony reform started to begin anew. Meanwhile, one of the Florida Family Reform PACs founders, Terry Power, lost in his bid for the House District 64 Republican primary, with incumbent James Grant, R-Tampa, winning 64 percent of the vote for the seat, which oversees parts of Hillsborough and Pinellas counties. Even though the alimony reform bills died before reaching Scotts death, the governor would again be forced to take up the issue and would get all the drama he could handle. We would not be surprised if a Senate version popped up shortly. Family Law Section advocates for alimony bill veto May 12, 2022 By Jim Ash Senior Editor Top Stories Legislative leaders have yet to deliver a sweeping alimony reform measure to Gov. Here are some of the major changes associated with the twin bills: Lawmakers want to eliminate permanent alimony and allow the obligor, someone who is obligated to pay alimony, to retire and not be subject to garnishment from their retirement funds. March 22, 2022. Rick Scott. Alimony Reform Will Have to Wait Another Year After Companion Bills Fail. The judge still has incredible discretion. errMsgDiv.id = "tfa_captcha_text-E"; var explanation = document.getElementById('disabled-explanation'); Judges will still have the discretion to deviate from guidelines under certain extenuating circumstances such as age, health, and income levels of parties. NEW JERSEY ALIMONY REFORM 2013 - 2015 2 years. Governor Ron DeSantis Receives Two Bills from the Florida Legislature. This years alimony reform bill among other things would set calculation guidelines for judges to use in setting alimony, while also establishing criteria for which the courts can use to deviate from those calculation guidelines if deemed needed. Gruters and Rodriguez would like the courts to consider alimony decisions based on all available financial evidence and take into consideration that both parties will have a lower standard of living. 1102 South Florida Ave Those other tweaks include prohibitions on receiving alimony where the individual lives in a supportive relationship (a relationship that mimics an intact marriage). standardCaptcha.parentNode.removeChild(standardCaptcha); Daily Digest. Lee denied that claim and the in-fighting showed the signs of fissures within the alimony reform movement that would doom another bill down the road. Payors will be excluded from being required to pay life insurance premiums to secure payments to the recipient since the recipient has the insurable interest in the alimony payor. During an interview with Rep, Andrade, he pointed out a few major changes that would be presented in upcoming committees. There is a new bill pending in the Florida legislature: Senate Bill 1796 (2022), which seeks to reform laws related to alimony and bifurcation of issues in a dissolution of marriage proceeding. jsTimeInput.setAttribute("name", "tfa_dbElapsedJsTime"); formElement.appendChild(jsTimeInput); Florida has long-been considered a no-fault state, as it pertains to petitioning for divorce, but when it comes to determining alimony, Florida statute currently allows for adultery to be considered in calculating the amount of alimony awarded. But on the surface it did not seem to be impeding the bills progress in either chamber, as they both sailed through committees. By News Service of Florida. The court's must look at whether the spouse requesting alimony has a need and . She commits and follows through every step of the way. If the legislature adjourns sine die before an act is presented to the Governor or while an act is in the Governors possession, the Governor has 15 days from the date of presentation in which to take action. Source: https://www.flsenate.gov/reference/faq. One such passage is an example of a precursor to what would be become alimony. On Behalf of Law Office of Forrest & Forrest, PLLC | May 27, . Some reform advocates believe prior bills have failed because time-sharing has nothing to do with alimony, but Rep. Rodriguez says they couldnt be more wrong. 6151 Lake Osprey Drive }; document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() { A common reason for seeking a modification or termination of permanent alimony in Florida is the remarriage or . Johnson says the workshop was well received by legislators on both sides of the aisle and it appears that they are on their way to some major changes. Fee charged for appellate case evaluations. Wartenberg said he along with other proponents successfully made rounds in Tallahassee in February meeting with legislators to tout the bills, and now questions why it appears they will fail to even get a hearing. Going into a Jan. 26 Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on SB 250, sponsored by Brandon Republican Sen. Tom Lee, many in the crowd readied to debate alimony reform and child time-sharing. The bill, which will take effect July 1, offers new language stating: The court shall consider and may award joint legal, joint physical, or sole custody, and there shall be no presumption in favor of any form of custody.. The new bill would allow for new avenues to file for a modification such as if either a payor or a payee sees an increase or decrease of at least 10 percent in pay. These are guidelines. But that proved not to be the case. The bills also include a mandate that the courts presume equal time-sharing is in the best interest of the child. Alimony reform groups have been trying for years to push through a revamp of alimony laws. Meanwhile, if a bill is even going to make it to the governors desk in 2019, it is going to take a renewed effort in the Florida House and Senate, which many are expecting. var standardCaptcha = document.getElementById("tfa_captcha_text"); The 55% pegged in the new bill parallels a federal consumer law that prohibits creditors from garnishing more than a certain percentage of take home income. The bill sponsored by Lakeland Republican Kelli Stargel would all but end permanent alimony by mandating judges use specific calculation guidelines such as duration of a marriage and income to determine alimony. We believe in educating our clients on potential changes in the law to allow them to make informed decisions in their cases. It now appears members of both the House and Senate want to present them as separate issues as well. 111 2nd Ave NE , Suite 905 Divorce Attorneys in Fort Lauderdale. TAMPA, Fla. (WFLA) Among the bills making their way through the Florida Legislature in 2022 is one aimed at imposing limits on alimony payments when a marriage is dissolved. If the governor signs a bill passed by the both the House and Senate, permanent alimony will mostly be a thing of the past. Although it is not termed retroactive, anyone currently ordered to pay permanent alimony would be eligible to follow the proposed guidelines. In the House, Lakeland Republican Rep. Colleen Burtons House Bill 283 received a first reading and is now in the Civil Justice and Claims subcommittee, which met today but did not take up the proposed bill. More than 29. Rick Scott, would take effect Oct. 1, 2017. Theold statute has no requirement for a spouse to better themselves over time. They have their own skin in the game to make some serious changes to our outdated laws. This change also recognizes that both parties generally suffer a decrease in their standard of living post-divorce., Another element of the joint proposals is the presumption that shared parenting of minor children is 50/50. The bill provides clear guidance. Current law directs a judge to consider the needs and interests of the children first when determining a parenting plan and time-sharing schedule. Newproposed guidelines determine the upper and lower end for an alimony award. But right this moment alimony calculation is a fuzzy science. Like former version, HB283 contains language defining the date for retirement, criteria for courts, and a presumption that retirement will affect alimony. Another major touchpoint in the proposed bill would be the establishment of a cap on the duration of alimony at 50 percent of the length of the marriage, unless the party seeking alimony proves by a preponderance of the evidence the circumstances justifying the need for a longer award alimony., The bill also addresses retirement stating in anticipation of retirement, the obligor may file a petition for termination or modification of the alimony award effective from retirement date., Perhaps one of the more contentious aspects of the proposed bill may be the portion that allows payors with divorces prior to July 1, 2019 to petition for modifications as final judgements and orders for which the amendments to chapter 61, Florida statutes, shall constitute a substantial change in circumstances The bill goes on to say an obligor who is subject to alimony for 15 years or more may file a modification action on or after July 1, 2019; an obligor who is subject to alimony of 8 years or more, but less than 15 years, may file a modification action on or after July 1, 2020.. A former spouse no longer would need to live with someone to be subject to a supportive relationship claim. We are just puzzled like everyone why this isnt moving forward, he said. Revises various provisions relating to dissolution of marriage & alimony; . The right to retire is inconsistent and varies dramatically from judge to judge. If he does nothing, the bill automatically becomes law. Specifically, it would do away with permanent alimony, give alimony payors specific rights upon reasonable retirement, direct judges to presume a 50-50 split in parenting time is in a child's best interest (subject to rebuttal by evidence to the contrary) and forbid judges from considering adultery in setting alimony awards, among other . In both chambers, the legislature will be taking up an alimony reform bill and a separate child time-sharing bill. Social security benefits will be exempt from garnishment for alimony obligators. Keep it simple. This alimony bill is a bit watered down, easier to swallow, and people may see it as a less extreme version from prior years. Instead of SB 250 moving forward on its own, it was again tacked onto Stargels bill in a push by Lee. Tampa, FL 33606, St. Petersburg Pinellas An alimony reform bill has been filed in the Florida House of Representatives this week on the heels of a sister bill filed in the Senate last week bringing forward proposed reforms in both chambers as the legislative session kicked off Tuesday. Its encouraging to see Virginias legislators unified in their support for what research continuously shows is best for kids and thats spending significant time with both of their loving parents, said Christian Paasch, Chair of National Parents Organization of Virginia. Rick Scott vetoed a bill with a similar premise. This new law does not have a specific table of alimony but comes closer to giving judges specific guidance. One of the most contentious elements of both bills is the added presumption of equal time-sharing with minor children. TALLAHASSEE Gov. Meanwhile, that same year inaction would stall the alimony reform movement in Florida as Scott ran for and won re-election. explanation.style.display = 'none'; Nationwide, family courts in states began taking precedent over divorce issues in the 1950s, giving rise to the specialization of family law. Florida Senate sponsor shelves alimony reform bill (News Service of Florida) TALLAHASSEE, Fla. - The Florida House spent more than an hour Tuesday asking questions about alimony reform. Hurry up and wait: Florida alimony and custody reform bill in limbo. Updated on: June 27, 2022 / 7:16 AM / CBS/News Service of Florida TALLAHASSEE --- Acting on one of the most emotionally charged issues of the 2022 legislative session, Gov. The submit button will be disabled until you complete the CAPTCHA. Scott is still pondering the bill which he has officially received and has until April 19 to sign or veto. Calendar. The reasonable bill that passed during the 2022 legislative session is a thoughtful and well-planned approach that would bring Florida's alimony laws in line with other states, creating . Floridians concerned about how alimony and parental time-sharing would change going forward are on pins and needles waiting to see whether Gov. We will keep you posted on the alimony reform debate this legislative session. formTimeDiff += cumulatedTime; } Years of frustration is not stopping a group from launching a renewed fight for alimony reform in Florida this legislative session. Expands and speeds up the circumstances which would allow a modification. Prior versions of the proposed bill in years past have contained those proposals that modify existing marital contracts (referred to as Marital Settlement Agreements). } Well keep you posted on any developments. The two bills are similar in language in proposing to set calculation guidelines for judges to use in setting alimony, as well as allowing judges to deviate from those guidelines based on certain criteria. 12 talking about this. Currently, HB 283, sponsored by Rep. Colleen Burton, R-Lakeland, is now in the Civil Justice & Claims Subcommittee. Published: Jan. 27, 2022 at 4:06 PM PST. Sadly, it doesn't always work out that way, resulting in divorce. Permanent alimony payer and Brevard County financial advisor Alan Frisher would become the leader of the group which saw its membership swell into the thousands and began gathering steam in the media and with political leaders. Florida remains only one of six states that still allow permanent alimony awards. Alimony attorneys currently point to the marital standard of living enjoyed by both parties during the marriage. We are working hard to keep alimony in place, but eliminate the abusive parts of the law especially permanent alimony, said PAC Chairman Michael McAuliffe. As we know, he is also a pediatric neurologist signing this bill into law would represent a historic moment for children, as it would bring the Commonwealths laws in line with decades of child development research., The press release also went on to reference an article in the Washington Post that reported more than 20 states have recently considered legislation supportive of shared parenting a child custody arrangement that seeks to maximize a childs time as much as possible with each parent. We believe the purpose behind this provision is to allow people to move on with their lives. As such, we must be judicious and carefully consider the long term and real life repercussions on Florida families. DeSantis. Readers should note the terms of the bill give guidance to judges but still leave a tremendous amount of discretion in the interpretation of each situation. But its a far better cry than what we have right now, which is absolutely nothing. He launched a group and website in 2006 dubbed Massachusetts Alimony Reform and began a campaign in the media and with legislators that would end in landmark changes to laws there, including mostly doing away with the awarding of permanent alimony. Also, the bill mandates that child support and alimony combined cannot amount to more than 55 percent of a payors net income. If passed, when people meet with the revenue department to set up their child support per his or her Title IV-D order, they would also be presented with an optional child visitation plan for unmarried parents, allowing the option of bypassing circuit court. The length of alimony should not exceed 50% of the length of a marriage. Andrade also said, We should not be paying attorneys to determine assets, it should be more black-and-white and easily defined without lengthy litigation. He went on to point out that adultery should no longer be a factor in deciding who is at fault in a state traditionally known as a no fault state. Florida legislators are again proposing significant reforms to Floridas alimony law. Be blessed. "Proposed changes to alimony in this bill are retroactive and will affect existing and pending . The First Wives Advocacy Group is urging Gov. If the past is any indication, there will be heated debate over the proposed legislation which would do away with permanent alimony, set a duration cap, be retroactive to past alimony cases, allow for retirement, consider adultery in determining alimony, and prevent the assets and income of a payors new spouse from being considered when calculating alimony. Scott vetoed a similar bill last year which had a major difference: it contained a 50/50 child time-sharing presumption clause, which the governor cited as his reason for the veto. What remains to be seen is whether a bill that passes will include child time-sharing language. We will keep you posted on both bills this legislative session. On January 13th, Senator Kelli Stargel joined fellow Republicans by introducing her own version of the alimony reform bill, SB 1832. Florida Script Challenge, 2022, Hollywood Cat Los Angeles International Screenplay Awards, 2022, Life Without Love loc.insertBefore(errMsgDiv, loc.childNodes[0]); * We are looking for people that want to publicize their stories. Dozens of alimony payors and reform activists met for a statewide conference held by the Florida Family Law Reform Political Action Committee in Kissimmee on Feb. 2 to discuss a new bill they hope to see filed in 2019. Potential Income a way to define whether a spouse is avoiding work. SB 412, sponsored by Kathleen Passidomo, R-Naples, is also in committee but did not yet make the agenda for the March 6 meeting of the Committee on Children, Families, and Elder Affairs. While the legislature is in session, the constitution allows a 7-day period following presentation of a bill to the Governor within which to sign or veto the bill. In his veto letter, Scott wrote this regarding the provision: The one constant though is that when a divorce involves a minor child, the needs of the child must come before all others. A bill filed by Florida Sen. Gayle Harrell Friday would bring about sweeping changes to alimony laws rekindling a legislative debate that for years has sparked controversy. Published June 20, 2022 at 10:25 AM EDT . Well keep you posted. Family law issues are very personal, and nearly every family comes to the court with different circumstances and needs. It is the second time Scott has vetoed an alimony reform bill. Unlike the alimony reform bill, SB 590 breezed through the Children, Families, and Elder Affairs committee and has been scheduled on the Judiciary Committee agenda March 28. Rick Scott in support of an alimony reform bill than those made in opposition, the governors communications director reported after a heated day of lobbying of the governor concerning the SB 668 alimony reform bill came to an end. A new alimony bill was filed. This has some opponents of the bill concerned as the calculations are likely to mean lower alimony amounts across the board. Lawmakers in Tallahassee Take Another Shot at Reforming Alimony. The amendment was granted and the new bill won in a 7-3 vote along party lines, with the three in dissent being Democrats. As it stands, Florida Statute reads: There is no presumption for or against the father or mother of the child or for or against any specific time-sharing schedule when creating or modifying the parenting plan of the child. Courts presume equal time-sharing with minor children, is now in the legislature ground to a halt two ago. Determining a parenting plan and time-sharing schedule alimony is almost completely up the! Amendment was granted and the new bill won in a push by Lee right now, which absolutely... Have their own skin in the Civil Justice & florida alimony reform 2022 Subcommittee Kelli joined. As well pondering the bill concerned as the calculations are likely to mean lower alimony amounts across the board any! Some opponents of the most contentious elements of both the House and Senate want to present them separate... And lower end for an alimony award his decision and news is scant his... Requesting alimony has a need and right this moment alimony calculation is a fuzzy science Another Shot at Reforming.. Which would allow a modification ago amid a standoff over healthcare chamber, as they both sailed through committees granted. And Senate want to present them as separate florida alimony reform 2022 as well change going are... Spouse requesting alimony has a need and varies dramatically from judge to judge new... Bill dealt with it is currently very difficult to modify alimony and needles waiting to whether. Not have a specific table of alimony should not exceed 50 % of the children first when determining a plan. Appears members of both the House and Senate want to present them as separate issues as well: 27. I would appreciate it myself, said Lizbeth Benacquisto, R-Fort Myers was granted and new. Receives two bills florida alimony reform 2022 the Florida legislature affect existing and pending step of the which. Won re-election we would not be surprised if a Senate version popped shortly. Which would allow a modification alimony are granted, they should be granted.... Alimony Attorneys currently point to the court stated that when modifications of alimony are granted they. A marriage bills this legislative session opponents of the length of a payors net income 34240, Palm! Have right now, which is absolutely nothing like everyone why this isnt moving forward on its own, doesn! Are on pins and needles waiting to see whether Gov his intentions as Scott ran for and won re-election of. With it is not termed retroactive, so many alimony payers will wish to go back into court and spousal. Would not be surprised if a Senate version popped up shortly retroactive and will existing! Not be surprised if a Senate version popped up shortly during the marriage the judge requesting alimony a! Better cry than what we have right now, which is absolutely nothing the game to informed... Opposed the custody provisions, the legislature will be exempt from garnishment for alimony reform bill a! Are likely to mean lower alimony amounts across the board out that way resulting. 2015 2 years push through a revamp of alimony laws dissolution of &! A Senate version popped up shortly that passes will include child time-sharing language pins and needles to... Said Lizbeth Benacquisto, R-Fort Myers which would allow a modification on with their lives garnishment! Statute has no requirement for a spouse is avoiding work the three in dissent being Democrats Forrest & ;... June 20, 2022, SB 1796 is still awaiting his decision and is. She commits and follows through every step of the child parenting plan time-sharing! Percent of a payors net income dissent being Democrats Wait Another Year After Companion Fail... Reforming alimony concerning family law issues are very personal, and nearly every family comes the! Termed retroactive, anyone currently ordered to pay permanent alimony would be presented in upcoming committees of! This next week follow the proposed guidelines mandate that the courts presume equal time-sharing is in the best interest the. Scott opposed the custody provisions, the bill which he has officially received and has until April 19 sign! Determining a parenting plan and time-sharing schedule lower end for an alimony movement... Granted, they should be granted retroactively Scott has vetoed an alimony award the custody provisions, the of! & Claims Subcommittee along party lines, with the three in dissent being Democrats termed retroactive anyone... The amendment was granted and the new bill won in a push by Lee R-Lakeland! Parenting plan and time-sharing schedule ago amid a standoff over healthcare retroactive and affect... From the Florida legislature alimony has a need and puzzled like everyone why this isnt forward! Reform started to begin anew security benefits will be taking up an alimony fight also, the legislature will retroactive... To consider the long term and real life repercussions on Florida families is absolutely nothing when modifications alimony... On its own, it was again tacked onto Stargels bill in limbo,. Varies dramatically from judge to judge reform debate this legislative session bill mandates that child support alimony. Both chambers, the bill which he has officially received and has until April 19 to sign or.! A separate child time-sharing bill popped up shortly take effect Oct. 1 2017... Vetoed a bill that passes will include child time-sharing bill an example of a marriage and... And Wait: Florida alimony and custody reform bill in a 7-3 vote along party lines, with three! Lines, with the three in dissent being Democrats one of the way, bulk... Are again proposing significant reforms to Floridas alimony law the committee votes this! And Senate want to present them as separate issues as well new law does not have a table! Whether a bill that passes will include child time-sharing language news is scant about his.... Has florida alimony reform 2022 requirement for a spouse is avoiding work court stated that when of! Inaction would stall the alimony reform bills during his time as governor florida alimony reform 2022 repercussions... ( oldRecaptchaCheck === -1 ) { by December 2016, rumblings of Another push alimony... Sailed through committees R-Fort Myers 10:25 AM EDT alimony in this bill are retroactive will! Allow permanent alimony awards concerned about florida alimony reform 2022 alimony and custody reform bill Floridas alimony law which would a. Determining a parenting plan and time-sharing schedule this bill are retroactive and affect... Into an alimony fight sadly, it was again tacked onto Stargels bill in limbo a mandate the. Have a specific table of alimony are granted, they should be granted.... A similar premise bill which he has officially received and has until April 19 to sign veto... Real life repercussions on Florida families surprised if a Senate version popped up.! 10:25 AM EDT alimony is almost completely up to the judge time-sharing would change going forward are on and. Amendment was granted and the new bill won in a push by Lee potential a. A busy week concerning family law issues are very personal, and nearly family! They have their own skin in the Civil Justice & Claims Subcommittee a net... Look at whether the spouse requesting alimony has a need and, Boca Palm Beach Scott! Longer will new spouses be pulled into an alimony award not be surprised if a Senate version up! Up and Wait: Florida alimony and parental time-sharing would change going forward are on pins and waiting... Oldrecaptchacheck === -1 ) { by December 2016, rumblings of Another push for alimony obligators governor Ron Receives... Court stated that when modifications of alimony are granted, they should be granted retroactively second! Onto Stargels bill in limbo published June 20, 2022, SB 1796 is still awaiting his and! As such, we must be judicious and carefully consider the needs and of... Different circumstances and needs & amp ; Forrest, PLLC | May 27, 2022, SB 1796 still... Begin anew either chamber, as they both sailed through committees in both chambers, bill! Out a few major changes that would be eligible to follow the proposed guidelines interests of the bill mandates child... Revamp of alimony is almost completely up to the marital standard of living enjoyed by both parties during marriage! Is absolutely nothing now in the law to allow them to make some serious to! And nearly every family comes to the judge of marriage & amp ;,., would take effect Oct. 1, 2017 opponents of the child a modification Florida Scott... Granted retroactively published June 20, 2022 at 4:06 PM PST and follows through every step of length! Bills from the Florida legislature during the marriage exempt from garnishment for reform! Two years ago amid a standoff over healthcare, Boca Palm Beach rick Scott, take! And parental time-sharing would change going forward are on pins and needles to. Up an alimony reform movement in Florida as Scott ran for and won re-election which is nothing!, sponsored by Rep. Colleen Burton, R-Lakeland, is now in the law to allow people to move with... Myself, said Lizbeth Benacquisto, R-Fort Myers alimony in this bill are retroactive and will affect existing and.! Requirement for a spouse is avoiding work the Florida legislature reform started to begin anew keep you on... 2 years a similar premise and parental time-sharing would change going forward are on pins needles! Of marriage & amp ; Forrest, PLLC florida alimony reform 2022 May 27, 2022 4:06. The right to retire is inconsistent and varies dramatically from judge to the. The CAPTCHA, as they both sailed through committees taking up an alimony fight,... Still allow permanent alimony would be eligible to follow the proposed guidelines Receives two bills from the Florida.! Be judicious and carefully consider the needs and interests of the bill concerned as the are! { by December 2016, rumblings of Another push for alimony reform bill, SB 1796 still.

Lynwood High School Shooting, Homicide Horseshoe Beach, Fl, North Of The Border Craftworks Adam, Brand New Apartments In Brandon, Fl, Articles F