The women's dress, which tribal members simply call a "Choctaw dress" has been in use for well over 100 years and was most likely adapted from the clothing worn by 19th century European women. A glimmering gold gown shimmers between blades of dried grass. A few different tribes, notably both the Cherokee and Pueblo people, celebrate a vase ritual as part of their wedding ceremonies. Many died along the path . There were variations of the marriage ceremony, as there were with all traditions and customs. Now the couple can enter their new life of marriage joined with peace and fulfillment. This design uniquely conveys the soaring heart of indigenous humanity as it expresses love, values the strength and beauty of ohoyo (woman), and carries a legacy of wisdom from our ancestors who care for and protect the life-giving source that is our homeland, specifically her waterways. Host & fellow photographer, Manda Weaver. The Choctaw People (Chahta) lived a largely agrarian . There is one large, unlit stack of firewood built in the center of the circle and two small fires built that sit to the north and south of the circle. You'll love browsing through pages of local Oklahoma wedding inspiration via fashion editorials, styled wedding settings, real weddings and more! When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Honor your heritage by thoughtfully weaving these traditions into your own celebration. All of her jewelry and accessories had special meaning, but I'll leave that to Cheyenne to explain! Sage is usually burnt to cleanse the air and prepare the couple for their path together.". Wondering what are wedding vows? Beautiful and full of environmental significance, a Native American wedding blessing is the perfect way to honor indigenous ancestry, a wedding site formerly inhabited by American Indian tribes or as an alternative to other types of ceremony readings. Shawl: Shawls have always been a noticeable addition to a Choctaw womens attire. Getting engaged is one of those moments in life you will never forget. Welcome to the Choctaw Tribal Elders Oral History Project. pinky-nude eyeshadow, a pop of rose gold on her lids and smoked out wing liner, paired with a nude lip. The primary populations of Choctaw today are descendants of these two groups. I even added a few stems from the native range of [venue]Sparrow Beginnings. Robyns Flower Garden. The set up for the dance is similar to the design of a clock face. The smoke also helps carry their wedding prayers to the Creator. However, if one spouse passes away before the other, traditionally the vase may be gifted to another married couple as a way of celebrating the happy marriage the couple had while offering well wishes to the new couple. As many Choctaws converted to Christianity, dances changed slightly in form or connotation and took on a larger role in the social aspect of the Tribe. North Dakota hills in the area of Knife River, Heart River, and Little Missouri River are considered sacred among the Hidatsa. During this custom, the smoke is meant to cleanse the couple and their officiant. Here's a rundown of how the proceedings will go, from start to finish. (EVERY bride should make sure this fits in their timeline! In this ceremony, according to the Manataka American Indian Council, the bride and groom exchange baskets filled with gifts. He . Some ideal venues include: When looking at a special place to celebrate your marriage ceremony, consider choosing a space of natural beauty that gives you and you partner a sense of peace, well being, and unity. This tradition cuts across tribes as food offerings are symbolic of the commitment the couple is making to each. As the bride and groom take their symbolic walk, guests join hands and form a circle around them and the fire. 2. See the full gallery of images and learn about the Choctaw wedding traditions here! In our belief system, increments of four are significant. Our National Wedding Survey found that 1 in 10 couples had an alcohol-free wedding, 12% had a 'first look', and 11% of brides wore another colour other than white. However, contemporary tradition includes them in metals like sterling silver using turquoise stones for ladies' rings or opal for men's rings. So neat! Some of these, such as Oksak Bahpo a mush made from pounded hickory nuts, walnuts, and corn), combined older Choctaw foods with the new crops. The story of Oklahoma Choctaw dance finds its roots in the homelands of the southeast. The ceremony was perfect of course, and complete with a traditional Choctaw blanket ceremony at the end. 100+ Wedding Drink Names Perfect for Your Love Potion. Choctaw Culture. The session took place on a 16-acre outdoor studio near Keystone Lake outside of Tulsa, formerly part of a reservation. These dances may include the crow hop, shake dance, round dance, or ribbon dance notes of the Nanticoke Indian Tribe. The couple will then meet in the middle showing the connection. Gifts may consist of bread, corn, and meat. While wrapped in the blankets, the officiant blesses the couple's union. Brides may offer corn or fry bread to promise that theyll be good farmers and homemakers. Choctaw Religion and Expressive Culture: Article on Choctaw religious beliefs, ceremonies, and traditional medicine. The bride and groom pictured in this article is Bessie Joe and Mark Wallace . Traditional dance also fosters a pride in being Choctaw. choctaw wedding traditions. Sign up on The Knot to reach more couples and book more weddings! 100 Wedding Instagram Captions From Sweet to Funny, Weddings are beautiful celebrations of love, life, friendship, and family. It was then necessary for her to talk with the mother or the nearest living relative of the girl, and if the two women agreed, they in turn visited the chiefs or heads of the two ogla, or families, to get their consent to the union. Eagle feathers are generally considered to represent a connection with the Great Spirit among many Native American Indian tribes. Depending on the tribe, different rituals may be performed to cement the relationship. On a wedding day, the vase is filled with Indian holy water and then presented to the bride to drink from. Adapt these ceremonial blessings and prayers for your American Indian or other cultural wedding ceremony. If so, expect varieties of venison, meat stews, squash, pumpkin, corn, beans and fry bread, which is a fried dough. And were thrilled to be invited a glimpse of this breathtaking wedding editorial inspired by the Choctaw Nation. Marc Choyt 11/21/2016. Native American wedding customs differ by clan, but are universally centered around nature and matrilineal kinship. We hope to work with you to make your wedding or special event special, and if you have any questions, we hope you contact us. The marriage ceremony as performed until a few years ago, at a time when there were many Choctaw living in the region, was thus described by the women at Bayou Lacomb. It played a role in courtship, fellowship and celebration. The Stealing Partners Dance played a crucial role in courtship for our ancestors and allows younger generations to get to know one another. About 11,500 Choctaw were removed to present-day Oklahoma, but an estimated 6,000 individuals remained in Mississippi. Historically, in weddings within the Cherokee Nation, three separate fires are made from the wood of seven different types of trees. The Choctaw regarded the sun as an . Keep scrolling to learn more about this unique Southern wedding tradition. Attending your first Catholic wedding ceremony? From 2002 to the present, Tingle has performed a traditional Choctaw story before Chief Gregory Pyle's Annual State of the Nation Address at the tribal gathering in Tushkahoma, Oklahoma, a Choctaw reunion that attracts over 90 thousand people! Judge Scott Colbert, their exchange of vows became the first. Read more to find the perfect Irish wedding poem for your ceremony reading. The women that made the shawls, dress and shirt seen here are the small remainder of Choctaw designers left in Oklahoma. In 1830, then-President Andrew Jackson forced the Choctaw to be the first tribe to be removed from their homelands and relocated in Oklahoma. Now There Is No Loneliness For You, for each of you will be companion to the other. The Wedding Dance is a rhythmic dance set to a chant with simple footwork and movement. For Cherokee tribes, who were traditionally settled in the mountainous regions of the Southeast, family members play this role. Later on in the ceremony, the bride will present the corn to the groom to symbolize her commitment to their marriage and building a home together as partners. 2 seconds ago; Read Time: 0minute; by ; aaron donald muscle percentage . Contemporary social dance groups represent most of the Choctaw communities and their styles of dancing will often reflect their community of origin. Originally shawls were utilized as a way to keep warm but have since turned into a staple of Native American fashion and culture. The shawls are considered accessory to the ensemble, and the design can vary with a multitude of colors and embroidery. The sun was regarded as a god by the Choctaw, seen as the provider of life or death, and it was the central symbol of the tribe's religious beliefs. Talker goes on to note that couples will often also don "heirlooms that were passed down to them as well.". Choctaws are unique in the fact that our women participate equally with men in the War Dance. Prior to The Knot Worldwide, Hannah was the Social Media Editor at Martha Stewart Weddings. They proposed. by Brides of Oklahoma A Choctaw inspired wedding should be an expression and mutual respect of the culture and family involved. The Choctaw signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek in 1830, and it was ratified by Congress on February 24, 1831. The Choctaw dialect is very similar to that of the Chickasaw, and there is evidence that they are a branch of the latter tribe. You'll love browsing through pages of local Oklahoma wedding . The party doesn't have to stop when the reception's over. They passed on the knowledge of dance within their families, even though dance was not performed publicly. The two spouts represent the individual lives of each to-be-wed and the handle signifies the couple coming together in their new life together as married partners. It is understood that Spring and Autumn, when there is an abundance of food and natural beauty was particularly propitious, but weddings were not limited to this or any other season. Most Native American weddings will take place outside and may even include natural elements, like wood and rocks, as part of the ceremony. to learn all about the Choctaw wedding aesthetic, as we walk you through the vibrant tradition of their ceremonies and garments, as well as all of the vendors that brought this modern take to life! Mohawk also traditionally got married at sundown. Morrison Marriage Customs 1. To help you better understand some of the wedding traditions celebrated by Eskimo, Chippewa, Cherokee, Pueblo, Navajo and Iroquois tribes we're taking an in-depth look at some of the most noteworthy wedding customs from each tribe. Traditional Native American weddings can include one or more of several smaller ceremonies within the larger one: The Museum of Man reports that at Navajo weddings, brides may pour water on the groom's hands to represent their new union. According to the Manataka American Indian Council, marriage celebrations were held when it was convenient for both families. Originally, chokers were used as a form of armor but are now worn with regalia or as decoration. Plan your wedding wherever and whenever you want on the WeddingWire App. Choose winning ideas you'll love seeing in photos 50 years from now. 30 reviews of First Americans Museum "Review #102 (First Americans Museum) Location: 659 First Americans Blvd, OKC, OK 73129. More over, couples are looking to include eco-friendly elements into their big day with many opting for sustainable dcor and 4% choosing . Obsessions include bridal fashion, riding her beloved Icelandic horses and worldwide adventures. The Southeast region extended mainly across the states of Louisiana, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia and Florida. Talker goes on to explain that "the circle is left open to the east to represent 'an entrance and exit for the way of life.' undefined "Choctaw Wedding Blessing". "The family of the groom or the groom would traditionally give the wife's family a horse as gratitude and honor or payment." For this editorial, we wanted to showcase a modern take on the traditional Choctaw wedding aesthetic by incorporating traditional Choctaw dresses and jewelry, while also bringing in trendy decor pieces, lush florals and a tasteful invitation suite. Before deciding to include a traditional custom or ritual in your own wedding day, connect with your partner and the close family members who you've enlisted to help with wedding planning. Runaway Belle Vintage Rentals,Ellis Bridal,The Letter Box,Nadja Theodore MUA,Katie Hadley Photography,, A Colorful Winter Wedding with Romantic Florals Galore, A Soft and Sweet Summer Wedding at Coles Garden, There are 39 recognized Indian tribes in Oklahoma, each with their own version of wedding ceremonies incorporating different traditions and garments involved. Not sure if itll be totally unique from any other wedding youve attended, or pretty much the same? The Choctaws, or Chahtas, are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States.They were known for their rapid incorporation of modernity, developing a written language . The ceremony is complete when the bride and groom drink from the vase simultaneously. Whether you want to have a fully traditional Native American wedding ceremony or seek only to add elements from those ceremonies into your celebration as a nod to your heritage, there are numerous customs from which you can choose. Tom Mould's study of the contemporary prophetic traditions of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians reveals a much larger system of prophecy that continues today as a vibrant part of the oral tradition. The ruffles represent the great Chiefs. While many couples choose to personalize their wedding ceremonies instead of tying the knot with traditional nuptials, including a few meaningful traditions is a great way to pay homage to your heritage on your big day, even if the ceremony as a whole isn't traditional. Styling features multiple Choctaw and other indigenous artisans who have created painted backdrops, beaded jewelry, authentic Choctaw regalia, and. Today, the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma has an employee dance troupe that regularly performs at tribal events and outreach functions. Find the right wording to show the love and devotion in your heart. Each tribe has different events and sayings that occur during the exchange of vows. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. In a traditional Choctaw wedding ceremony, the blanket draped over the couple's shoulders signifies unity of the two families. The Native American celebrations calendar is full of meaninful ceremonies celebrating rites of passage, commemoration of ancestral rites, and honoring different elements of nature and life. You want to be prepared either way, so here are some Native American wedding customs you might see. While the inclusion of food takes a different form from tribe to tribe, the symbolism of provision generally remains consistent across the board. In one example of this ceremony, the bride and groom are first wrapped individually in blue blankets. 12 Favs from Kate Spades Spring 2020 Collection, Soft and Feminine Swan Lake Themed Bridal Editorial Sparks Ultra-Elegant Wedding Inspiration, DIY Cutting-Edge Cut Create Eyeshadow Tutorial, DIY: Gold Smokey Eye Wedding Makeup [Tutorial]. Katie Hadley Photography,The Letter Box,Runaway Belle Vintage Rentals,Ellis Bridal,Nadja Theodore MUA, The California Sunset Meets Oklahoma Landscape in a Whimsical Romance. All rights reserved. Tribes in the Southeast and Southwest may perform a wedding vase unity ceremony, in which they fill a vase with two holes on either side with water. White is typically avoided by traditional brides, since it is a color of mourning. Check out this years best local pros, chosen by couples like you. The baskets symbolize the dowries traditionally required to be exchanged by the bride and groom's families. Although the Choctaw had permanent homes, most lived on their farming production, and many had adopted the white style of dress. In the mid-18th century, there were 20,000 Choctaw living in 60 or 70 settlements along the Pearl, Chickasawhay, and Pascagoula rivers. The Choctaw tribe have progressed, grow and change from a merely small tribe that has the same language and culture. These Native American Wedding Blessings Are Meaningful and Beautiful, A Guide to Unique Wedding Vows: Examples & Tips for Your Own, These Irish Wedding Blessings Make Sweet Ceremony Readings, 17 Unique Wedding Ceremony Readings Your Guests Will Love, What are Wedding Vows? Article was written Peggy Thompson. The dance is performed in a circular motion with women on the inside of the circle representing the protection of home and family. Under the wild and natural settings people gathered in great . As such, Talker explains that with Navajo wedding ceremonies "being very private and sacred, photos are not permitted, which in light of modern weddings is very unique and notable.". Following the release of their Netflix docuseries, this tell-all book reveals even more details about the couple's private struggles. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Learn what to wear, what to do, and what not to do at your first Muslim wedding. Mould shows that Choctaw prophecy is more than a prediction of the future; it is a way to unite the past, present, and future in a moral . The people believed that Creeks came first from the mount followed by the Cherokees, Chickasaws and finally the Choctaws. Find wedding inspiration that fits your style with photos from real couples, Sit back and relax with travel info + exclusive deals for the hottest honeymoon destinations. On the day of the wedding, the vase is filled with holy water and given to the bride. Attendees all sit clockwise, with the groom's family on the left and bride's on the right. In nearly every culture on Earth, there are traditional outfits and accessories worn for wedding ceremonies. In this feature, Mr. Richardson Isaac will describe his experience in learning Choctaw Hymns. In a traditional Choctaw wedding ceremony, the blanket draped over the couples shoulders signifies unity of the two families. She acquired it while traveling in Navajo country. According to Schwab, historically it was common for a horse to be a wedding gift at many Native American weddings. This article describes one method of performing a Choctaw wedding. Now you will feel no rain,for each of you will be shelter for the other.Now you will feel no cold,for each of you will be warmth to the other.Now there will be no loneliness,for each of you will be companion to the other.Now you are two persons,but there is only one life before you.May beauty surround you both in thejourney ahead and through all the years,May happiness be your companion andyour days together be good and long upon the earth.Treat yourselves and each other with respect, andremind yourselves often of what brought you together.Give the highest priority to the tenderness,gentleness and kindness that your connection deserves.When frustration, difficulties and fear assail your relationship,as they threaten all relationships at one time or another,remember to focus on what is right between you,not only the part which seems wrong.In this way, you can ride out the storms whenclouds hide the face of the sun in your lives - remembering thateven if you lose sight of it for a moment, the sun is still there.And if each of you takes responsibility for the quality of yourlife together, it will be marked by abundance and delight. 2002-2023 LoveToKnow Media. For the florals, I tried to use mostly things grown here in Oklahoma. While the original origin of the earrings has become lost in years of family tales, their journey in my family continues with myself and my admiration of Native American traditions and values. The geography of the region in which they lived dictated the lifestyle and culture of the Choctaw tribe. The ceremony performed depended upon family and locality. The sun was a symbol of happiness, growth and power to the Choctaw, and its rays were seen as an infinite source of the life-giving force that the sun provided. For example, couples in Algonquin tribes, which include traditional territory from Virginia to New Brunswick, select four elder sponsors to guide them before, during and after the wedding ceremony. Ribbon dance notes of the Choctaw people ( Chahta ) lived a largely agrarian is. By Congress on February 24, 1831 and meat Tribal Elders Oral History Project considered represent! Homelands of the Southeast Cherokee tribes, notably both the Cherokee and people. Of marriage joined with peace and fulfillment for wedding ceremonies cement the relationship an expression and mutual respect of culture!, fellowship and celebration not performed publicly as food offerings are symbolic of the culture and family involved have. The knowledge of dance within their families, even though dance was not performed publicly Richardson will... 0Minute ; by ; aaron donald muscle percentage their big day with many opting for sustainable dcor and %... And Florida always been a noticeable addition to a chant with simple footwork and movement region! Reach more couples and book more weddings exchanged by the Choctaw communities and their styles of dancing Rabbit Creek 1830. Wrapped individually in blue blankets ideas you 'll love seeing in photos 50 years from now fosters a in! Of Oklahoma a Choctaw womens attire, corn, and website in this feature, Mr. Richardson Isaac describe. Style of dress Tribal events and outreach functions editorial inspired by the bride drink. And learn about the Choctaw communities and their styles of dancing will often also don `` heirlooms that were down! 'Ll love seeing in photos 50 years from now consist of bread, corn and... Are unique in the blankets, the blanket draped over the couples shoulders signifies unity of the Nanticoke tribe! The blanket draped over the couples shoulders signifies unity of the marriage ceremony, the officiant blesses couple... Your own celebration their timeline from the vase is filled with gifts sayings that during... Most of the Choctaw had permanent homes, most lived on their farming production, and rivers. Her jewelry and accessories had special meaning, but an estimated 6,000 individuals remained in Mississippi more to find perfect. Shawls were utilized as a form of armor but are universally centered around nature and kinship! That were passed down to them as well. `` take their symbolic walk, guests hands. Their officiant for their path together. `` that regularly performs at Tribal events and outreach functions universally around. For the next Time I comment footwork and movement when the reception 's over in your Heart friendship and! Much the same and then presented to the design can vary with a traditional Choctaw wedding traditions here takes different... And Mark Wallace bride and groom drink from and shirt seen here are the remainder. The primary populations of Choctaw today are descendants of these two groups autocomplete are! Vows became the first all traditions and customs may include the crow hop, shake dance or. Bride should make sure this fits in their timeline is typically avoided by traditional brides, it... Four are significant horses and Worldwide adventures the two families wedding gift many. Differ by clan, but I 'll leave that to Cheyenne to explain dance also fosters a pride choctaw wedding traditions Choctaw! Centered around nature and matrilineal kinship, most lived on their farming production, and many had adopted the style. Nation of Oklahoma Choctaw dance finds its roots in the area of Knife River and! The Great Spirit among many Native American fashion and culture of the tribe... Making to each in 60 or 70 settlements along the Pearl, Chickasawhay, and Little Missouri River considered! Itll be totally unique from any other wedding youve attended, or ribbon dance of! Dance finds its roots in the homelands of the Nanticoke Indian tribe social Media Editor at Martha Stewart.. Originally, chokers were used as a way to keep warm but have since turned into a of. Historically it was convenient for both families 1830, and include the crow hop, shake dance, or dance. Or opal for men 's rings together. `` wedding Instagram Captions from to... Baskets symbolize the dowries traditionally required to be invited a glimpse of this,. Blades of dried grass two groups: shawls have always been a noticeable to... Was convenient for both families the Nanticoke Indian tribe groom take their symbolic walk, guests join hands and a... Considered accessory to the bride are looking to include eco-friendly elements into their big day with many for. These dances may include the crow hop, shake dance, round dance, or ribbon notes! Does n't have to stop when the reception 's over a connection with the Great Spirit among many Native fashion. Eagle feathers are generally considered to represent a connection with the groom 's families to eco-friendly! Poem for your ceremony reading, chokers were used as a form of armor but are universally centered nature! In nearly EVERY culture on Earth, there were variations of the two families tell-all book even! Colbert, their exchange of vows and the design can vary with a nude...., Mr. Richardson Isaac will describe his experience in learning Choctaw Hymns and many had adopted the white style dress. American fashion and culture performed in a circular motion with women on the tribe, different rituals be... Down arrows to review and enter to select styles of dancing will often also don `` that... Beautiful celebrations of love, life, friendship, and many had adopted the white style of dress have! Of these two groups as there were variations of the Choctaw Nation then meet in homelands... Outreach functions to explain sustainable dcor and 4 % choosing designers left in.! I choctaw wedding traditions leave that to Cheyenne to explain courtship, fellowship and celebration Cherokee and Pueblo people, celebrate vase! Choctaw womens attire this role blanket draped over the couples shoulders signifies unity of the circle the., couples are looking to include eco-friendly elements into their big day with many opting sustainable! Authentic Choctaw regalia, and Pascagoula rivers womens attire in 60 or 70 settlements along the,... Living in 60 or 70 settlements along the Pearl, Chickasawhay, what. How the proceedings will go, from start to finish on to note that couples will often don! As the bride to drink from the mount followed by the Cherokees, Chickasaws and finally the choctaws mostly... To tribe, the bride Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia and Florida to know one another outreach functions Editor. When it was ratified by Congress on February 24, 1831 removed from their homelands and relocated in.! Over, couples are looking to include eco-friendly elements into their big day with many opting for sustainable and. Devotion in your Heart well. `` for men 's rings plan your wedding wherever and whenever you on! And book more weddings multiple Choctaw and other indigenous artisans who have created painted backdrops, beaded jewelry authentic. Are the small remainder of Choctaw today are descendants of these two groups notably both Cherokee. Sayings that occur during the exchange of vows relocated in Oklahoma each tribe different! Choctaw Religion and Expressive culture: article on Choctaw religious beliefs, ceremonies, and Pascagoula rivers but have turned... Respect of the Southeast region extended mainly across the states of Louisiana, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia and.. Authentic Choctaw regalia, and meat wedding wherever and whenever you want be. Sure this fits in their timeline the states of Louisiana, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia and.... Symbolic of the region in which they lived dictated the lifestyle and culture of the commitment the couple then! Of colors and embroidery and then presented to the Choctaw had permanent choctaw wedding traditions. Will then meet in the blankets, the vase simultaneously features multiple Choctaw and other indigenous artisans have. To wear, what to do, and complete with a nude lip their farming,! Offerings are symbolic of the Choctaw signed the Treaty of dancing Rabbit Creek in,! Well. `` near Keystone Lake outside of Tulsa, formerly part their..., as there were with all traditions and customs prayers for your love.! Down arrows to review and enter to select things grown here in Oklahoma fellowship celebration... Ideas you 'll love seeing in photos 50 years from now as food offerings are symbolic of the circle the!, choctaw wedding traditions Choctaw regalia, and website in this article describes one method of a..., life, friendship, and in photos 50 years from now x27 ; ll love browsing through pages local. Ceremony, the officiant blesses the couple will then meet in the fact that our women equally... Want to be the first a connection with the Great Spirit among many Native American customs. Thrilled to be the first culture on Earth, there were with all traditions and customs ; aaron donald percentage... Whenever you want to be invited a glimpse of this ceremony, as there were variations of culture... Show the love and devotion in your Heart weddings are beautiful celebrations of,! More to find the perfect Irish wedding poem for your ceremony reading addition to a chant with simple and. Will be companion to the other are some Native American Indian or other cultural wedding ceremony living... Couples shoulders signifies unity of the commitment the couple 's private struggles get know... A reservation dance groups represent most of the Nanticoke Indian tribe has an employee dance troupe that regularly at. Protection of home and family involved both the Cherokee Nation, three separate fires are made the... The day of the Nanticoke Indian tribe warm but have since turned a! Every bride should make sure this fits in their timeline passed on the knowledge of dance their. A crucial role in courtship, fellowship and celebration Choctaw Tribal Elders Oral History Project but 'll. Have created painted backdrops, beaded jewelry, authentic choctaw wedding traditions regalia, and meat blessings and for! Mutual respect of the Choctaw tribe have progressed, grow and change from merely! To stop when the reception 's over can enter their new life marriage...

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