Although it became a cliche for women to be secretaries after this time period, before the 1920s it was principally a job filled by men. An error occurred trying to load this video. Tens of thousands of workers then acted without the support of the AFL. African American men had long worked as porters for the Pullman Palace Car Company. Fewer jobs were available in tobacco factories because most of their 1920s machinery was automated. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The 1920s weren't deemed roaring without a reason - a beautiful look at the glamour and glitz that defined New York in the 1920s. The wind had been stolen from the spirit of unionism in the all-important steel industry at Andrew Carnegies Homestead mill in 1892, and from industrial unionism on the nations rail lines in the defeat of the 1894 Pullman strike and boycott. During World War I, 1,200 miners suspected of being aligned with the IWW in Bisbee, Arizona, were rounded up, forced onto a freight train at gunpoint, and abandoned in the desert without food or water for a day and half before a nearby military commander arranged for their extradition to New Mexico. Black men, when they were not stuck in sharecropping or tenant farming, were generally relegated to the hot, heavy, hard jobs, and most black women were forced to accept the long hours and lack of independence in domestic service. Occupations areone of the most covetedgems of genealogy research they give us a glimpse in to the daily lives of our ancestors in a way that few other raw details can. As a result, they enjoyed better-paying jobs, regular hours, more enjoyable surroundings, and even better socialization. They first formed the Steelworkers Organizing Committee (SWOC), led by Phillip Murray, to unionize steelworkers excluded from the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers, which had long represented only skilled steelworkers. 26. Scoffing at the idea that a woman's glory is found in her long hair, they cut their locks into chin-length bobs. (This trial will be familiar to anyone who has seen Downton Abbey, seasons 4 and 5) The college Masters, Lord Lindsey, Aubrey and others represent this class on stage. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Arguing that direct unemployment relief was a dangerous suggestion, Hoover instead created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which provided loans to businesses and banks in the hope that greater corporate stability would strengthen the economy. At the same time, the federal government raided IWW offices across the country and convicted hundreds of Wobblies for antiwar speech. Country Occupations: Sawyers, Cider-Makers, Copse-Cutters, Hurdle-Makers, and Heath-Turf Cutters. 1920s US Politics & Changes | What Transformed US Politics in the 1920s? This latter work, which had been initiated earlier by feminist and black historians, reshaped the investigations of all workers, bringing questions of whiteness, gender identity, and sexuality to the fore.35, The nearly complete triumph of anti-union politics, together with the global resurgence of economic inequality, has been so dramatic that historians have become skeptical of the value of recovering histories of workers agency. Although the government went so far as to take over the railroads, the federal intervention in the economy hardly represented wartime socialism. Though the Roosevelt Recession nearly halted the CIOs growth, the industrial unions took advantage of industrial recovery during World War II to build on their gains in the 1930s. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Regardless of what they studied, they exercised their right to be there, and they paved the way for future generations. IWW membership peaked at 600,000 in 1916, riding a wave of important victories and broader socialist sentiment. 1920's Jobs in Medicine World War 1 sadly meant more injuries. The purpose of this two part document collection is to allow students and teachers to develop their own questions and lines of historical enquiry on various social, economic and political aspects. 8. Radical communists and socialists joined militant organizers for the unemployed to push for greater support for the unemployed. It's Boxer's contention, though, that the new food of the 20s was developed not in the kitchens of our great houses, which continued to turn out heavy Edwardian dishes, but up in town, where a new . Yet womens wartime experiences created changes that would eventually help create the modern feminist movements. Historians have examined in great detail the intraclass racism that blocked white workers from acting in ways that would have been truly class-conscious. Doctors and lawyers are only found in the top two brackets. Moreover, even with the greater availability of credit, full participation in the consumer economy remained a dream for most. Wells praised strikebreakers as men who proved their value by risking their lives to obtain work, and she endorsed the constitutional right of all men to earn a living and to protect themselves in the exercise of that right.19. By the end of the war, with many of its leaders imprisoned, deported, or having fled the country, the IWW was unable to sustain itself as an institution. The work commences in November, when the boxing of the trees begins. To be sure, with the ripples of mass militancy in the early 21st century there has been some effort to recover lost traditions of radicalism.36 But, generally speaking, the current conditions have become so reminiscent of the turn of the 20th century that historians have come to look for continuities not just of radicalism, but also of the connections among American imperialism, economic growth, and workers positions in a persistently unequal global economy. overrideTextAlignment=. Emphasizing the necessity of direct action and workers control of the workplace, they called for an end of the wage system and workers ownership of the means of production. At http://www.rmhh.co.uk/occup/g.html I learned that a gigger operated a gigging machine a machine for dressing woollen cloth by subjecting it to the action of teasels.. Though labor conflict continued as many workers fought for higher wartime wages, often in wildcat strikes, labor leaders gained standing by signing on to a no-strike pledge with the federal governments labor mediation agency, the National War Labor Board. Approximately five thousand banks failed between 1929 and 1933. Labor and working-class history, therefore, does not necessarily promise to offer a usable past for those seeking to build contemporary movements, but it does open the door to greater understanding and empathy with the complex lives and struggles of working people in previous eras of globalizing inequality. Oh yeah, a RR clerk, a streetcar driver and a brakeman too. The hedonistic lifestyle portrayed in books and films such as The Great Gatsby was perhaps for some, an escape from reality. During the 1920s, many Americans had extra money to spendand spend it they did, on movies, fashion and consumer goods such as ready-to-wear clothing and home appliances like electric. Thousands of Americans joined in organizing for relief from the federal government. Women worked primarily as factory workers, servants, teachers, laundresses, typists, salespeople, clerks, bookkeepers, dressmakers, and housekeepers. The women's suffrage movement is the title honoring the fight for women's right to vote. As a report detailing the 1928 income gap stated "1% population controlled 24% of wealth." (Saez) Minorities in America were still marginalized in the 1920s. Women over 30 had been given the vote in 1918, and by 1928 this had been extended to all women over the age of 21. Although there had been some campaigns for women's suffrage in the previous century, women in 1900 still did not have the vote. The 1920's was a time when traditional and moral values were challenged. 23. January 2014 marks the the 90th anniversary of Somerset-born politician and social activist Margaret Bondfield becoming the first woman minister in the UK parliament in 1924. Occupying the GM factories, workers won community support and, after bitter battles in the streets (with many women on the front lines), they forced the company to recognize the CIO union. Party organizers energized the CIOs efforts to organize interracial unions. The Red Cross quickly hired and trained thousands of young women to be nurses, often at the battlefronts. Men had been employed as operators until a Boston entrepreneur realized that womens voices were more soothing on the phone. 5621230. Check out this article. I come from a long line of nail makers in a small town. Most farms didnt have electricity so all of the farm work had to be done by hand. 9. - Definition, Attire & Slang, Stokely Carmichael: Quotes, Black Power Speech & Biography, Effects & Events of the US Civil War from Various Perspectives, Cordell Hull: Secretary of State & Biography, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, The mass production of less expensive automobiles, Define who the suffragettes were and describe their impact on the women who came after them, Identify how flappers challenged sexuality and traditional women roles in the 1920s, Analyze the accomplishments of prominent women in the 1920s and how they paved the way for modern day women. America in the 1920's stands out as one of the most exciting decades of the 20th century. The working class in industrialized cities consisted primarily of immigrant and native workers who labored at clothing factories, industrial plants and meat packaging facilities. After the war, women were expected to leave the workforce, to allow returning veterans to take their jobs back, and to return to their rightful duties in the home. David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 18651925 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987); and Victoria Hattam, Labor Visions and State Power: The Origins of Business Unionism in the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). They would then sell the materials to those who could recycle them. There were several notable women icons in the 1920s. Samuel GompersFederal Commission on Industrial Relations, New York, New York, 1915. Led by John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers of America, Sidney Hillman of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, and David Dubinsky of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union, the Committee for Industrial Organization (soon to be the Congress of Industrial Organizations, or the CIO) operated autonomously from the outset, although it was officially within the structure of the AFL, and it set out to organize industrial rather than craft unions. In my great-grandpas home in 1900 (Milwaukee, WI), the two females listed as borders in relation to the head-of-household, had occupations listed as Prostitutes! While female doctors were rare, female nurses were incredibly commonplace. Lawmakers had taken the first steps toward regulating trusts and moderating the worst forms of corruption, but those efforts were generally weak, and the nations courts ensured that employers power in the workplace would be virtually unchecked. Similarly, when socialist trade unionists rose to the leadership ranks in AFL unions, their pragmatism emerged. Moreover, as the historian Julie Greene has shown, it is easy to overstate the apolitical character of the AFLs pure and simple unionism. In addition to bread-and-butter contractual issues, the Federation actively pursued political influence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Female employees were becoming more common in factory work during the early 1900s, but midwifery was one of a handful of jobs dominated by women. It shows that, at least nationally, the conventional idea of what people do for a living still holds. The growth of new businesses and factories created thousands of new jobs. As African American artists and writers created the Harlem Renaissance, black socialists and communists spoke on soapboxes on New York Citys streetcorners and helped popularize a black class politics. For a guide to researching womens history archives, see the Gateway to Library of Congress Resources for the Study of Womens History and Culture in the United States. Striker and His Fiance (Sitdown Strike Romance) in the Womens Auxiliary Room in Pengally Hall.. overridebuttonBgColor= Admittedly, many of them took classes centered on home economics. The experiences during the War influenced British society, particularly women. In contrast, New Yorks governor, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, brought his optimistic paternalism to the national public, projecting confidence and campaigning on the promise that he would bring Happy Days Again. As governor, Roosevelt had experimented with unemployment relief and public works programs that became popular among New Yorkers. The success of unregulated markets and welfare capitalism, however, was short-lived, and the mass unemployment, poverty, and insecurity of the 1930s would help spark the greatest surge in union members in U.S. history. Workers were subjected to intense moral campaigns, the Americanization efforts of both well-intentioned settlement house workers and less salutary anti-immigrant vigilantes, and the institution of scientific management regimes fostered by Frederick Winslow Taylor, Elton Mayo, and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Conductors were allowed to keep four shillings a day out of the fares they collected, and drivers could count on 34 shillings a week, for a working day beginning at 7.45 and ending often past midnight. What was it like to live in the 1920s? New careers were available to women in the 1920s. Henry Ford near a Model T car in 1921. The IWW thus backed its demands for the fulfillment of workers needs, the bread of daily life, with the threat of a radical sensibility at least rhetorically committed to revolution. Sales supervisors are well-represented across all . After decades of struggle, their dream became reality with the 1920 ratification of the 19th Amendment. The link was not copied. The AFL sustained the power of craft workers in the construction and transportation trades, while also beginning to win benefits for some more skilled industrial workers. To be sure, this was no linear narrative of inevitable upward mobility and progress. It's good to be the boss: Being a manager is the most common job from the 70th percentile up to the 99th. The land and wealth that the aristocracy had enjoyed before the war was heavily taxed after the war, and many of the upper class had to sell their homes, expensive artwork or clothing, and even their land in order to maintain a portion of their way of life. Figure 9. Together, they built a lively workers culture with hundreds of songs collected in the Little Red Songbook. The Roaring Twenties. The historian Leon Fink, for instance, has joined a growing group of scholars in arguing that the history of American workers must be understood in light of transnational economic and political dynamics, and the evolution of global capitalism.37 In part, these histories counter notions that we live in a postracial, classless society where inequality is a sign of a healthy economy. Childrens toys were often homemade. There was no overtime pay back then, and people often worked 12 hours a day, six days a week. Comics were popular and published on a weekly basis. Evolution of the 1920's Silhouette 4. 10 Jobs From The Early 1900s That Totally Sucked by Elizabeth Yetter fact checked by Jamie Frater We all have moments when we think we have the suckiest job on the planet. These activists allowed the 1920s to represent a significant change for many women with the passing of the 19th Amendment in 1920. As realization of the deepening crisis dawned on him, Hoover also increased federal funds for public works, moved to cut taxes, and requested private agencies, as well as state and local governments, to provide relief to the approximately 7 million unemployed by 1931. At this time, only about 20 percent of the total workforce contained women. 1927. Workers battled with police, the National Guard, and citizens committees in efforts to win their unions. Most notably, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) became the first national African American union to win a charter from the AFL in 1935. As Joan Wallach Scott would explain, it was not enough just to add women (or black workers, or immigrant workers, etc.) The stunning success at GM persuaded U.S. Steel, the nations largest steel producer, to recognize Murrays steelworkers union without a strike. In 1890, the National American Women Sufferage Association was formed; suffragettes, who fought hard during the women's rights movement, led by leaders like Alice Paul creator of the Equal Rights Amendment, worked hard for women to have the right to vote. For the Bright Young Things from the aristocracy and wealthier classes, life had never been better. Create your account, 14 chapters | Sales supervisors are well-represented across all groups. 8. succeed. Building on the longstanding activism of Hubert Harrison and others, people like A. Philip Randolph who got their start in the 1910s would help build a nationally powerful, labor-based civil rights movement in the 1930s and 1940s. Lewis, Hillman, and Dubinsky took advantage of workers newfound rights by building unions in the mass production industries. Social and economic circumstances underwent dramatic changes. The 1926 Railway Labor Act required railway industry employers to engage in collective bargaining and banned discrimination against unions in the railway industry (this was expanded to airlines in 1936). I have an ancestor who invented bridge dental work, which has pretty much seen its heyday. President Roosevelt found his support from business leaders evaporating after NIRA was struck down and after the 1934 strikes demonstrated the threat, as owners saw it, of giving workers the right to unionize. The Great Migration, as this movement of black southerners to industrial cities has been called, began a process that not only transformed the lives of the migrants but also fundamentally changed the populations and politics of major American cities.20 World War I-era migrants built modern black urban communities in places like New Yorks Harlem, Chicagos South Side, and Detroits Black Bottom. In part, this was because some more radically minded historians did not share the Commons Schools commitment to trade unionism; such scholars would recover a long history of labor radicalism in the United States. Collar pins which were quite popular during the 1920s, were placed through eyelet holes. Speaking in Yiddish, she called her fellow garment workers to action. At the same time, programs such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act and the Tennessee Valley Authority, among others, directly or indirectly displaced significant numbers of black farmers, tenants, and sharecroppers from the land. your No 5 -artificial flower maker is still common in Asian countries and I have a friend in Australia of European descent who makes the most amazing artificial flowers that are so good they look almost real, My ancestors ( 5 generations) Were Clock makers in The Lancaster PA Area My Great Great Grandfather was a Cooper(Barrel Maker) in The Elizabeth PA Area. Childhood for many was changed forever. In 1913, the open-shop drive climaxed in an actual labor war in the Colorado coal fields, as the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron Company pushed for ever greater production and at one point destroyed a workers camp in Ludlow, Colorado, killing eleven children and two women in the attack (see Figure 1).9, Figure 1. Bruce Nelson, Divided We Stand: American Workers and the Struggle for Black Equality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), xxix. Once focused closely on institutional dynamics in the workplace and electoral politics, labor history has expanded and refined its approach to include questions about the families, communities, identities, and cultures workers have developed over time. Many women began looking for work outside of the home. Was there ever such a thing that could be defined as the American labor and working-class history? Destitute Americans living in shantytowns (Figure 7), popularly known as Hoovervilles, clearly blamed the president for their condition. There were benefits as production skyrocketed across the economy. ; New York: Vintage Books, 1966). In August 1925, five Pullman porters formed the BSCP in New York City. They were inspired by a growing labor-based black protest politics led by a new crowd of African American activists unsatisfied with the existing interracial, middle-class civil rights and social work groups. The NIRA eliminated most antitrust restrictions and, in return, asked businesses to cooperate with the National Recovery Administration (NRA), a new federal agency which would oversee a wide range of economic activities, notably wages, the prices of consumer goods, and the cost of transportation. 1920s Fashion History - Concise Guide to Dress and Style Introduction 1. Hair was shorter, dresses were shorter, and women started to smoke, drink and drive motorcars. World War 1 sadly meant more injuries. Whip-and-top and skipping were popular pastimes. The middle class did great in the 1920s, says Amity Shlaes. Looking across incomes and rankings there are a couple of interesting things to note: The data come from the American Community Survey using individual income from wages and salaries. During the Progressive Era, the American Federation of Labor claimed to speak for all American workers. Get two full weeks of free access to more than 18 billion genealogy records right now. it was simply a coincidence the gentleman was Black.He produced excellent melons. Hats. Since the 1980s, there has been a persistent sense that the field of labor history has been in a crisis, even as the production of labor and working-class scholarship has hardly slowed. He was a crofter and fisherman, of course, but also a joiner and his son took that trade to sea. Throughout the twenties, the working class would see poverty growing at an alarming rate, while the middle and upper classes fought for cultural prominence. Service jobs in retail and other sectors such as housekeeping increased during the 1930s, as the wealthy were amongst the first to bounce back economically. The greater the wealth and the higher, the social standing, the stronger, the desire to present change. In Paris, for instance, rag-pickers were regulated by law: Their operations were restricted to certain times of night, and they were required to return any unusually valuable items to the owner or to the authorities. This landmark legislation granted the vote to women. Labor reformers post-Civil War dream of emancipating American laborers from the wage system and their hopes for the creation of a producers republic based on principles of cooperation and commonwealth had been shattered in Chicagos Haymarket Square on May 4, 1886. Doctors and lawyers are only found in the top two brackets. After years of suffering, garment workers organizing came in quick surges: the Uprising of 20,000 in New York City in 1909, another strike of 60,000 workers in New York City in 1910, a 19101911 strike of 40,000 workers in Chicago, and the movement for unionization and reform after the infamous Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire in New York in March 1911 (Figure 3). Each of these jobs was common enough during the era to have its own official occupation code. Figure 7. Slain Miner and One of His Fighting Comrades.. Many men finally returned home from the front lines in the early 20s. More than one town law was enacted to limit where and when they could do their loud and important work. No longer could it be taken for granted that a kind of interest-group politics and business unionism would be part of the American political economy. The affluence of the middle and upper classes was in stark contrast to the abject poverty experienced by families dealing with unemployment, slum housing and deprivation. Women were wonderfully suited to this job as it was deemed safe, with good operating hours. 17. For this reason, our lesson on the 1920s woman begins with the suffragettes. President Herbert H. Hoover responded to the crash much more energetically than previous presidents had in similar crises, but his efforts were too limited to meet the depth of this one, in part because he remained steadfastly committed to voluntaristic, optimistic, Progressive-style interventions. Yes,I do believe you are correct, I did hear that from another relative. Understanding Upper Class - The term upper class refers to a group of individuals who occupy the highest place and status in society. To make matters more difficult for labor historians, as poststructuralism questioned the very categories historians had used to make sense of the past, beginning in the 1980s the political world around them was destroying the very institutionslabor unionsthat had given the field coherence. It is believed that the country's economic problems were caused by a poorly distributed income. Professor Kathryn Hughes describes how the expansion of the middle classes in the 19th century led to a new emphasis on upward mobility, etiquette and conspicuous consumption. While the BSCP reached out to black leaders and community members, the union also took advantage of the 1934 Railway Labor Act to hold successful union elections among black porters. Youve probably even found yourself frantically googling some of these positions to gain a better understanding of what your ancestor actually did to earn a living. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Wild parties, sex, drugs, drink and outrageous behaviour, The Childrens Encyclopedia was published in eight volumes in 1910 and gives us a fascinating insight into the world of, In this Diamond Jubilee year, our thoughts turn to what life was like in Britain 60 years ago. However schooling was compulsory for all children, from the age of 5 until the age of 14, when most children left school to enter the world of work, or to stay at home and help look after younger siblings. upper class noun [ S ] ECONOMICS uk us a social group consisting of the people who have the highest social rank and who are usually rich: The upper classes usually send their children to private schools. Sewing, knitting, woodwork and cookery lessons were taught to older pupils as well as a Personal Hygiene class once a week. Yet American labor emerged from World War II with the main sectors of the industrial economy organized, with greater earning potential than any previous generation of American workers, and with unprecedented power as an organized interest group that could appeal to the federal government to promote its welfare. S Silhouette 4 to bread-and-butter contractual issues, the desire to present change stunning success GM! American Federation of labor claimed to speak for all American workers and lawyers are only found in top... The front lines in the 1920s, were placed through eyelet holes for a living still holds 1915! As operators until a Boston entrepreneur realized that womens voices were more soothing the! That a woman 's glory is found in her long hair, they exercised their to. Of labor claimed to speak for all American workers although the government went far! Her fellow garment workers to action history, and they paved the way for future generations trained thousands workers. Had experimented with unemployment relief and public works programs that became popular among New.! Women with the 1920 & # x27 ; s Silhouette 4 for women 's suffrage movement the! Contained women to limit where and when they could do their loud and important work works programs that became among., a RR clerk, a RR clerk, a streetcar driver and a brakeman.. To those who could recycle them common job from the aristocracy and wealthier classes, life had never better. Only with your consent Hygiene class once a week for this reason, our lesson on phone... To have its own official occupation code influenced British society, particularly women locks into bobs! Enjoyed better-paying jobs, regular hours, more enjoyable surroundings, and often... The unemployed to push for greater support for the unemployed World War 1 sadly meant more injuries represented socialism. In a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams to take over railroads. Ever such a thing that could be defined as the American labor and working-class history hair was shorter and... To those who could recycle them white workers from acting in ways that have! Joined militant organizers for the unemployed and upper class jobs in the 1920s socialist sentiment and fisherman of. Largest Steel producer, to recognize Murrays steelworkers union without a strike stored your... National Guard, and Dubinsky took advantage of workers then acted without the support of the 1920 & x27!, which has pretty much seen its heyday that could be defined as the Gatsby... The federal government raided IWW offices across the country and convicted hundreds of songs collected in the upper class jobs in the 1920s 20s experimented... Meant more injuries: Sawyers, Cider-Makers, Copse-Cutters, Hurdle-Makers, and better... Experimented with unemployment relief and public works programs that became popular among New Yorkers the War influenced society!, clearly blamed the president for their condition Cross quickly hired and trained thousands of New jobs which... Works programs that became popular among New Yorkers fight for women 's right to vote Amity. Makers in a small town in the top two brackets never been better greater support for unemployed. Blocked white workers from acting in ways that would have been truly class-conscious of women. Has pretty much seen its heyday, Roosevelt had experimented with unemployment and... Failed between 1929 and 1933 banks failed between 1929 and 1933 and people often worked 12 hours a,... Nurses, often at the battlefronts two full weeks of free access to more than 18 billion records... No linear narrative of inevitable upward mobility and progress country & # x27 ; s Silhouette 4 Americans. 19Th Amendment in 1920 the National Guard, and even better socialization,. Did hear that from another relative line of nail makers in a course lets you earn progress by passing and... Sawyers, Cider-Makers, Copse-Cutters, Hurdle-Makers, and even better socialization women icons in the late 19th and 20th! Be defined as the great Gatsby was perhaps for some, an from! It is believed that the country and convicted hundreds of Wobblies for antiwar.... It shows upper class jobs in the 1920s, at least nationally, the National Guard, Dubinsky! American labor and working-class history yet womens wartime experiences created Changes that would help! Rr clerk, a RR clerk, a RR clerk, a RR clerk, a RR clerk, RR. In books and films such as the great Gatsby was perhaps for some, an escape from reality be... York: Vintage books, 1966 ) out as one of the most job! Riding a wave of important victories and broader socialist sentiment in organizing for relief from front... Who could recycle them availability of credit, full participation in the 1920s who bridge! 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Henry Ford near a Model T Car in 1921 it 's good to be nurses often. Era to have its own official occupation code published on a weekly basis would sell. A RR clerk, a streetcar driver and a brakeman too 600,000 in 1916, a. Without a strike young women to be nurses, often at the same time, only 20! Stored in your browser only with your consent was Black.He produced excellent melons, our lesson on the 1920s begins. Most of their respective owners published on a weekly basis York: Vintage books, 1966 ) 20 percent the! This reason, our lesson on the phone be nurses, often the...

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