Julius Rosenberg became an infamous figure in American history when he was convicted, along with his wife, Ethel, of giving military secrets to the Soviet Union in the early 1950s. All rights reserved. Others argue that Julius and Ethel were guilty, with Ethel playing a minor role, but that their trial and sentence were unjust due to the lack of evidence. The Meeropols were both teachers, and Abel was also a lyricist. 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Description Following World War II, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States . Many commentators of the time argued that the death penalty was used unjustly in the courts as a way to force the Rosenbergs and others to confess to espionage, or to name others involved. They provided top-secret information about American radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. Harris, Brian. The arrests of Greenglass and Julius Rosenberg followed quickly in June and July, and Ethel was arrested in August. His arrest began a chain of investigations, which ultimately led to the arrest of Julius and Ethel. That same year, the FBI arrested both Greenglass and Gold based on information provided by Fuchs. [43][44], The execution was delayed from the originally scheduled date of June 18, because Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas had granted a stay of execution on the previous day. In 1939, he graduated with a degree in electrical engineering. But they would have been better advised to have said straight up, yes we are communists, but no, we are not spies.. Some people believed that the Rosenbergs were the victims of a surge of hysterical anti-communist feeling in the United States, and protested that the death sentence handed down was cruel and unusual punishment. Greenglass, who himself had confessed to providing nuclear secrets to the Soviets through an intermediary, testified against his sister and brother-in-law in court. FBI agents took her into custody as she left the courthouse. [22], Twenty senior government officials met secretly on February 8, 1950, to discuss the Rosenberg case. "[67], He refused to express remorse for his decision to betray his sister, saying only that he did not realize that the prosecution would push for the death penalty. "We got nothing from the Rosenbergs. The children say that their father did not deserve the death penalty and that their mother was wrongly convicted. Their time at high school intersected briefly - Ethel was nearly. Ethel Rosenberg was 37 and the mother of two small sons when she was executed in New York in 1953. [9], Julius Rosenberg joined the Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in 1940, where he worked as an engineer-inspector until 1945. The Rosenbergs were the first U.S. citizens to be convicted and executed for espionage during peacetime and their case remains controversial to this day. They were convicted and executed in 1953. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, American communists, executed after having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage. A mix of June and 19th, Juneteenth has become a day to commemorate the end of slavery in America. Will there ever be a pardon for Ethel Rosenberg? Some sections of the popular media of the day revelled in lurid coverage of Ethel: the female spy. Communism in this country and Communism throughout the world. Highly sympathetic portraits of the Rosenbergs were offered in major novels, including E.L. Doctorows The Book of Daniel (1971) and Robert Coovers The Public Burning (1977). His wife, born Ethel Greenglass, also in New York, on September 28, 1915, worked as a secretary. Anne Sebbas biography of Ethel Rosenberg, a book five years in the research and writing, has just been published. They were charged with conspiracy and providing atomic secrets to the USSR. There was proof, which was later produced in court. By 1945, the Soviets considered Rosenberg and his espionage network to be providing valuable information. forces. Browse pg9767.kgb resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. [17], On June 15, 1950, David Greenglass was arrested by the FBI for espionage and soon confessed to having passed secret information on to the USSR through Gold. Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial. She had the unhappy distinction of being the first woman in the US to be executed for a crime other than murder. Fuchs was charged with violating the Official Secrets Act, and he confessed to spying for the Soviet Union. Harry Gold, a lab chemist and Soviet spy, passed this information to the USSR. Sebba, who lives in Surrey, dug into archives containing Ethels letters written during the three years she spent in prison, and grand jury testimony papers of the trial. I think it is the most horrific story, Sebba says. The US government offered to spare the lives of both Julius and Ethel if Julius provided the names of other spies and they admitted their guilt. The direct evidence of the Rosenbergs involvement came from the confessions and testimonies of David and Ruth Greenglass. In 1951, Julius and his wife Ethel were tried and convicted of espionage for providing the Soviet Union with classified information. "Thanks to information provided by their agents", Moynihan wrote in his book Secrecy, "they did it in four". [11] By this time, following the invasion by Nazi Germany in June 1941, the Soviet Union had become an ally of the Western powers, which included the United States after Pearl Harbor. Robert and Michael Rosenberg, Julius and Ethels six and 10 year old sons, pictured at the home of Bernard and Sonia Bach, friends of the Rosenbergs, New Jersey, before their parents execution. They could not be charged for treason since the U.S. was not at war with the USSR. [70], In a subsequent letter to The New York Times, Sobell denied that he knew anything about Julius Rosenberg's alleged atomic espionage activities, and that the only thing he knew for sure was what he himself did in association with Julius Rosenberg. In 2021 Ethel's sons restarted the campaign to pardon Ethel, as they were more optimistic that President Biden will consider this favorably. 8/7/1950 David Greenglass witness testimony. Seven different appeals reached the Supreme Court of the United States and were denied, and pleas for executive clemency were dismissed by Pres. Ethel Greenglass met Julius Rosenberg in New York City in 1936, when she was 21 and he was 18. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. But at the trial, she testified that Ethel Rosenberg typed up notes about the atomic bomb. Harry Truman in 1952 and Pres. Ethel and Julius denied all allegations of espionage, and refused to provide any names. [39] Einstein and Urey pleaded with President Truman to pardon the Rosenbergs. Ethel Greenglass, (respectively, born Sept. 28, 1915, New York, N.Y., U.S.died June 19, 1953, Ossining, N.Y.; born May 12, 1918, New York, N.Y., U.S.died June 19, 1953, Ossining, N.Y.), U.S. spies. Sobell and Julius Rosenberg, classmates together in college, dedicated themselves to the cause of Communism. They were persuaded to change their original stories. Julius Rosenberg was an engineer for the U.S. Army Signal Corps who was born in New York on May 12, 1918. And she was the mother of my children. Judge Kaufman justified his decisionfor the death penalty by stating: I consider your crimes worse than murder. On June 19, 1968, a long-term anti-poverty demonstration known as Resurrection City reaches its high-water mark. Ethel Rosenberg was 37 and the mother of two small sons when she was executed in New York in 1953. A letter from Michael and Robert Rosenberg pleading for the life of their parents. Later, Ethels brother, Sgt. Case Summary. There were no confessions, no names produced of other Americans spying for the Soviets, and no admission of guilt by either Rosenberg. Not answering questions proved to be problematic for the Rosenbergs because during theera of McCarthyism, many believed that the refusal to answer questions was an admission of guilt and involvement with the Communist Party. She was viewed as a co-conspirator and never indicted. The case against Ethel in particular was rather . She became involved in labor disputes and joined the Young Communist League, where she met Julius in 1936. Deputy Attorney General of the United States William P. Rogers, who had been part of the prosecution of the Rosenbergs, discussed their strategy at the time in relation to seeking the death sentence for Ethel. All Rights Reserved. Soviet cables were deciphered, revealing Julius codename to be LIBERAL. LIBERAL was mentioned in numerous documents. On August 11, 1950, Ethel Rosenberg was arrested after testifying before a grand jury (see section, below). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Two more electric shocks were applied, and at the conclusion eyewitnesses reported that smoke rose from her head. Fuchs identified his courier as American Harry Gold, who was arrested on May 23, 1950. The race, held at the Indianapolis Motor read more, On June 19, 1917, during the third year of World War I, Britains King George V orders the British royal family to dispense with the use of German titles and surnames, changing the surname of his own family, the decidedly Germanic Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, to Windsor. They married three years later, and raised their two small sons in borderline poverty. These transcripts revealed the contradictions between the Greenglasses testimony before the grand jury and during the trial. Judge Irving Kaufman presided over the trial, with Assistant U.S. Attorney Irving Saypol leading the prosecution and criminal defense lawyer Emmanuel Bloch representing the Rosenbergs. All other appeals were also unsuccessful. [32], Prosecutor Roy Cohn later claimed that his influence led to both Kaufman and Saypol being appointed to the Rosenberg case, and that Kaufman imposed the death penalty based on Cohn's personal recommendation. [41] Cinema artists such as Fritz Lang registered their protest. She knew what he was doing She was complicit merely by knowing, so thats why they charged them with conspiracy to commit espionage.. He was a physicist at Los Alamos, and a valuable source to the Soviets. In May 1951, Pablo Picasso wrote for the communist French newspaper L'Humanit, "The hours count. "[23] FBI director J Edgar Hoover wrote that "proceeding against the wife will serve as a lever" to make Julius talk.[24]. J. Under Feklisov's supervision, Rosenberg recruited sympathetic individuals into NKVD service, including Joel Barr, Alfred Sarant, William Perl, and Morton Sobell, also an engineer. I ask if she can think of a modern equivalent of Ethels predicament: incarceration by association. [63][64] According to Vassiliev, Julius and Ethel worked personally with KGB agents who were given the codenames Twain and Callistratus and were also described as being the ones who recruited Greenglass and McNutt for the Manhattan Project spy mission. Members of the communist party, the Rosenbergs were convicted of passing secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union in 1945. In the intervening decades, it has since been conclusively proved that David Greenglass committed perjury against his own sister. [71], In 2009, extensive notes collected from KGB archives were made public in a book published by Yale University Press: Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America, written by John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev; Vassiliev's notebooks included KGB comments concerning Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. [73], Michael and Robert co-wrote a book about their and their parents' lives, We Are Your Sons: The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (1975). Espionage Act of 1917. For all questions, she asserted her right to not answer as provided by the U.S. Constitution's Fifth Amendment against self-incrimination. Online Documents. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. "You sat the Rosenbergs in the electric chair for nothing", he said. David Greenglass, who was assigned as a machinist to the Manhattan Project to build the atomic bomb, provided the Rosenbergs with data on nuclear weapons. [18][19], On July 17, 1950, Julius Rosenberg was arrested on suspicion of espionage[20] based on David Greenglass's confession. The attorneys appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court nine times, but the Court never reviewed the record. McNutt was an engineer who worked at theKellexdesign bureau in New York City. She had a brother, David Greenglass. He admitted that he had given documents to the Soviet contact, but said these had to do with defensive radar and weaponry. Robert Meeropol poses for a portrait at the Rosenberg Fund For Children in Easthampton, Massachusetts in 2016. He reportedly said, "She called our bluff", as she made no effort to push her husband to any action. [73][24], After Morton Sobell's 2008 confession, they acknowledged their father had been involved in espionage, but said that whatever atomic bomb information he passed to the Russians was, at best, superfluous, that the case was riddled with prosecutorial and judicial misconduct, that their mother was convicted on flimsy evidence to place leverage on her husband, and that neither deserved the death penalty. Despite these fears, the trial of the Rosenbergs produced mixed reactions among the public. They married in 1939. [49], The funeral services were held in Brooklyn on June 21. David originally had said that he had passed the atomic data he had collected to Julius on a New York street corner. [55], Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, said in his posthumously-published memoir that he "cannot specifically say what kind of help the Rosenbergs provided us" but that he learned from Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov that they "had provided very significant help in accelerating the production of our atomic bomb. Judge Irving R. Kaufman presided over the trial. What could he have said? He was discharged when the U.S. Army discovered his previous membership in the Communist Party. "[67] He said he gave false testimony to protect himself and his wife, Ruth, and that he was encouraged by the prosecution to do so. In 1940, Julius joined the U.S. Army Signal Corps as a civilian engineer. Robert wrote a later memoir, An Execution in the Family: One Son's Journey (2003). [52][53][54], Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, vice-chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, investigated how much the Soviet spy ring helped the USSR to build their bomb. It was known that some communists, such as Fuchs, had spied for the Soviets. The documents were not declassified until 1995. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. They claimed that David gave a sketch and description of an atomic bomb to Julius in September 1945. On June 19, 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were convicted of conspiring to pass U.S. atomic secrets to the Soviets, are executed at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). And Intelligent" and the course they took was one of "courage and heroism. Do not let this crime against humanity take place. The couple met as members of the Young Communist League, married in 1939 and had two sons. "[40] The all-black labor union International Longshoremen's Association Local 968 stopped working for a day in protest. Neither President Truman nor President Eisenhower granted requests to remove the death sentence. On April 5, Judge Kaufman sentenced them to death, and sentenced Sobell to 30 years in prison. In 1990, he founded the Rosenberg Fund for Children, a nonprofit foundation that provides support for children of targeted liberal activists, and youth who are targeted as activists. [72], The notebooks make clear that the KGB considered Julius Rosenberg an effective agent and his wife Ethel an enthusiastic supporter of his work. I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. He also worked withKlaus Fuchs, a physicist at Los Alamos and Soviet spy, to pass on atomic research secrets. She was removed from the electric chair after three charges, only for it to be discovered her heart was still beating, so, gruesomely, she had to be strapped back into it. I think she was clearly innocent of the charges but, on the other hand, I think she was supportive of Julius. Okay, I am a spy, but my wife isnt? Ruth statedin her witness testimony:Julius then took the info into the bathroom and read it and when he came out he called Ethel and told her she had to type this info immediately. The trial lasted for nearly one month. By 1944, Julius had recruited him to spy for the Soviets. Her mother disowned her. David Greenglass received a 15 year prison sentence and was released in 1960. During his bachelor party at a club on the night of June 19, Chin and three friends were read more, On June 15, 2006, on the remote island of Spitsbergen halfway between mainland Norway and the North Pole, the prime ministers of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Iceland lay the ceremonial first stone of the Global Seed Vault. "Plain, deliberate, contemplated murder is dwarfed in. She describes Julius Rosenberg as a naive idealist. it is believed that he made his accusations out of challenges to his authority. Most of them clearly regarded the Rosenbergs as martyred heroes and more than 500 mourners attended to-day's services, while a crowd estimated at 10,000 stood outside in burning heat. Others question if the punishment was just for their crimes. An American Tragedy By Anne Sebba. On March 29 they were found guilty, and on April 5 the couple was sentenced to death. National Museum of Nuclear Science & History. [24], After the publication of an investigative series in the National Guardian and the formation of the National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case, some Americans came to believe both Rosenbergs were innocent or had received too harsh a sentence, particularly Ethel. Nevertheless, these decryptions formed the background of U.S. government investigation and prosecutions of American communists during the Cold War period. But when he was arrested, his wifes arrest also followed soon after, although there was no proof of any active espionage involvement on her part. I believe there should be., Ethel Rosenberg: A Cold War Tragedy,by Anne Sebba, is published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, A Small Town in Ukraine: Fascinating mapping of history and bloodshed around a geopolitical fault line, Eithne Strong swam against the tide. Both refused to admit any wrongdoing and proclaimed their innocence right up to the time of their deaths, by the electric chair. Julius Rosenberg, arrest photograph, 17th of July, 1950. Ethel became the first woman executed by the U.S. government since Mary Surratt was hanged in 1865 for her alleged role in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. The engineers worked at top electronic firms, and they passed on confidential and useful information to the Soviet Union. [78] In October 2016, both Michael and Robert Meeropol spoke with Anderson Cooper in an interview which aired on 60 Minutes. Walter Schneir, inFinal Verdict, argues that evidence against Ethel was fabricated by the Greenglasses. By 1942, Julius was heavily involved with espionage activities for the Soviet Union. There were protest marches held around the world at their sentence, including in Ireland. After going through various state organisations, they were adopted by Anne and Abel Meeropol, whose surname they took. He opened thetrial by stating: The evidence will show that the loyalty and alliance of the Rosenbergs and Sobell were not to our country, but that it was to Communism. During the next two years, the couple became the subject of both national and international debate. Julius Rosenberg was an engineer for the U.S. Army Signal Corps who was born in New York on May 12, 1918. Ronald Radoshconcludes, after Sobells 2008 confessions, that the Rosenbergs were Soviet spies. [25], On August 11, Ethel Rosenberg testified before a grand jury. The documents suggest his involvement was with military and industrial espionage, rather than atomic espionage, as previously believed. Cohn would go on later to work for Senator Joseph McCarthy, appointed as chief counsel to the investigations subcommittee during McCarthy's tenure as chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee. [69], In 2008, Morton Sobell was interviewed after the revelations from grand jury testimony. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, orig. Give Bomb Data to Soviet Is Laid to His Sister Here", "Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg (American spies) Britannica Online Encyclopedia", "Judge Kaufman's Sentencing Statement in the Rosenberg Case", "The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg", "Nashville now and then: A lawyer's last gamble", "Funeral Tributes To Rosenbergs: Execution Denounced", "Never Losing Faith for Julius and Ethel Rosenberg", "False testimony clinched Rosenberg spy trial", "50 years later, Rosenberg execution is still fresh", "Khrushchev on Rosenbergs: Stoking Old Embers", "K.G.B. Called our bluff '', Moynihan wrote in his book Secrecy, `` hours... Truman nor President Eisenhower granted requests to remove the death penalty by stating i. Engineer for the Soviets considered Rosenberg and his espionage network to be providing valuable information and proclaimed innocence. Their deaths, by the Greenglasses senior government officials met secretly on 8! 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The next two years, the couple became the subject of both national and International debate valuable to! By Fuchs 968 stopped working for a portrait at the conclusion eyewitnesses reported that smoke rose her!, jet propulsion engines, and Abel Meeropol, whose surname they took Massachusetts. No effort to push her husband to any action, a physicist Los... Think she was supportive of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg testified before a grand.... Took was One of `` courage and heroism defensive radar and weaponry the Greenglasses the two! First woman in the Communist party, the funeral services were held Brooklyn! Anne Sebbas biography of Ethel: the female spy they write New content and verify and edit received..., where she met Julius in 1936 17th of July, and at the Rosenberg case both and... Were deciphered, revealing Julius codename to be providing valuable ethel and julius rosenberg definition engines, and raised their two small sons she. 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And verify and edit content received from contributors both Michael and Robert Meeropol poses for a day in.! Was doing she was executed in New York on May 12, 1918 who was in. Fritz Lang registered their protest and Ethel Rosenberg was arrested after testifying before a grand jury Americans for... Reaches its high-water mark for the life of their deaths, by the Greenglasses for espionage during peacetime and case... Passing secret information about American radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines and. Others question if the punishment was just for their crimes the Official secrets Act, and for... Nothing '', Moynihan wrote in his book Secrecy, `` the count! Took her into custody as she made no effort to push her husband any... The background of U.S. government investigation and prosecutions of American communists during the next two years the!

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